Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a group of diseases caused by inflammation of the upper female reproductive tract, including endometritis, tubal inflammation, tubo-ovarian abscess, and pelvic peritonitis. Because of its deep location in the pelvic cavity, the variety of pathogenic microorganisms and the lack of easy collection, and the varying severity of symptoms and signs, it is not as easy to diagnose as other inflammatory diseases, which leads to irregularities in the treatment of these diseases. The following is a description of several related issues. 1. Epidemiology The incidence of PID varies widely around the world. In Europe, the incidence of PID is not yet known, the incidence of PID in Sweden in 1996 was 0,4%; the incidence of PID in Norway from 1990 to 2000 did not exceed 3,5%. China is a large infected country, but there is no complete epidemiological information about PID. There have been debates about the causative microorganisms of PID, but there is now a convergence of opinion that almost all causative agents are caused by upstream infection through the lower genital tract. It is mainly caused by 3 groups of microorganisms: (1) pathogenic microorganisms of sexually transmitted infections (STI); (2) aerobic bacterial infections; and (3) anaerobic bacterial infections. The more accepted view is that PID is an inflammatory disease with mixed infections common in women of childbearing age, and the main STI-causing microorganisms are Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. 2. Diagnosis The clinical presentation of PID varies, and its diagnosis is usually based on clinical symptoms, signs and laboratory tests. In sexually active women and those at risk for other sexually transmitted infections, a comprehensive diagnosis is usually made according to minimum diagnostic criteria, additional criteria, and specific criteria. The minimum diagnostic criteria are cervical pain or uterine or adnexal pressure. Microbiological examination of patients with PID is recommended when available, and if STI-associated microorganisms are found, their sexual partners should also be diagnosed and treated. When the Chinese Medical Association Obstetrics and Gynecology Infection Collaborative Group developed the “Chinese PID Diagnosis and Treatment Standard”, it not only developed the process of PID diagnosis and treatment based on symptoms, signs, laboratory tests and pathogenic examinations to confirm the diagnosis, but also took into account the specific situation in China and introduced the treatment plan for PID according to the management of lower abdominal pain signs. That is, in the absence of laboratory tests to further help the physician confirm the diagnosis of PID, a stratified treatment plan for PID can be carried out according to the symptom management process. In this program, special attention should be paid to the principle of treatment 72 hours triage, once found that drug treatment 72 hours still temperature does not drop, white blood cells still high inflammation uncontrolled phenomenon, or even the emergence of pelvic masses should promptly change the treatment plan or transfer to a hospital with better conditions to prevent further development of the disease and lead to the occurrence of other surgical diseases. 3. The principle of treatment for PID should be mainly antibiotic anti-infective treatment, plus surgical treatment if necessary. Based on experience, broad-spectrum antibiotics are selected to cover possible pathogens, including aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, etc. Treatment of PID should be started immediately upon diagnosis, and early administration of effective drugs and an adequate course of treatment is the key to complete cure, and antibiotic therapy should, in principle, last no less than 14 days. In most cases, the pathogen is not clear when starting treatment for PID, and antibiotics are often used empirically. In addition to the selection of treatment regimen, we should consider the efficacy, cost, patient compliance and drug sensitivity, as well as the common pathogenic microorganisms and drug sensitivity of PID in our region. According to the national 49 multi-center PID treatment protocol validation trial studies conducted from 2006 to 2007 after the development of China’s PID diagnosis and treatment standard, the protocol is in line with the actual national situation and has strong effectiveness, safety and operability. In order to prevent the occurrence of infection sequelae, according to the actual situation in China, effective traditional Chinese medicine can be added to assist and consolidate the treatment in order to enhance the effect and compliance of PID treatment. The “Chinese PID Diagnosis and Treatment Standard” developed by the Collaborative Group of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Chinese Medical Association hopes to gradually change the confusing status quo of PID diagnosis and treatment in China, improve the understanding and confidence of the majority of doctors in PID diagnosis and treatment, and at the same time save social and medical resources to a greater extent.