Obesity is a historical challenge in modern society and is closely related to the occurrence of chronic diseases such as “three highs”. In the case of diabetes, obesity is not only a causative factor, but also an adverse reaction to the treatment of diabetes that cannot be ignored, and the obesity caused by the treatment can further aggravate the pathophysiological defects of diabetes. Therefore, the relationship between obesity and diabetes and other related chronic diseases is worth exploring in depth. The topics of this conference are closely related to the hot spots and controversial points in the academic field, from the basic research on the nutrition of obesity formation, to the pathogenesis of obesity/diabetes, then to obesity-related comorbidities, and finally to the treatment of obesity and diabetes. In terms of basic research, research results and ideas on fat and energy metabolism, signaling mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum stress and beta cell function, nutrition, genetics and metabolic diseases open another window for clinical work. Therefore, in addition to inflammation and other factors requiring intervention, the prevention of obesity and diabetes should also start from the nutritional source. Apart from diabetes, what are the risk factors for obesity? At the meeting, experts in various fields gave detailed answers to this question. Among the risk factors of fatty liver, tumor, Cushing’s syndrome, bone metabolic disease, polycystic ovary syndrome and other diseases, obesity is not to blame, which suggests to us that obesity is much more than a simple metabolic disease. Finally, when it comes to treatment, the prospect of an obesity vaccine, expert guidance on the surgical treatment of diabetes, and the position statement on gastric cancer with type 2 diabetes have brought new light to clinical treatment. The performance of SGLT-2 inhibitors in weight loss, lipid lowering, and blood pressure reduction, as well as the weight loss effects of commonly used hypoglycemic agents such as metformin, GLP-1 agonists, and even thyroid hormone analogs, have attracted widespread attention.