Tumors occurring anywhere in the urinary system, including tumors of the kidney, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra. Among them, uroepithelial tumors of the renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra all have their commonality and may develop in multiple organs. Because urine spends the longest time in the bladder, it also causes the most common bladder cancer. Urological tumors are often issued after the age of 40 and are more common in men than women. Nephroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder are infantile diseases with no difference in incidence between men and women. Among the urological tumors, the incidence of renal pelvis cancer is higher in China than in Europe and the United States. 1.Nephron cancer Also known as renal adenocarcinoma and renal cell carcinoma. It originates from the renal tubules. Most of them are clear cell carcinoma, and granular cell carcinoma is less common. Spindle cell carcinoma is rare and has a very bad prognosis. Hematuria, swelling and pain are the three major symptoms of kidney cancer, all of which are advanced. Hematuria is often intermittent, painless and visible to the naked eye, and it is easily delayed because it appears intermittently. About 1/3~1/2 of kidney cancers have no clinical symptoms and are diagnosed accidentally during physical examination or during ultrasound or CT examination for other diseases. Fever and rapid blood sedimentation are signs of poor prognosis of kidney cancer. Kidney cancer may have lung and bone metastasis. The diagnosis of kidney cancer relies on ultrasound, CT, MRI and excretory urography, and arteriography if necessary. It must be differentiated from cyst and vascular smooth muscle lipoma, which is generally not difficult. In recent years, immunotherapy, such as tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, interleukin and interferon, has good prospect. Renal cancer may have distant recurrence after surgery, and resection of primary tumor may make metastatic cancer recede, but all of them are rare. 2.Ureteral cancer Among uroepithelial tumors, renal pelvic ureteral tumors are relatively rare, but can have multi-organ development. Most of the cancers caused by long-term kidney stone stimulation are squamous cell carcinoma. Hematuria is the most common symptom, and cancer cells may be found in the urine. Cystoscopy may see blood spurting from the ureteral orifice on the affected side. Urography is extremely important to diagnose pelvic ureteral tumor, which can detect filling defect and may be followed by hydronephrosis. Surgery for pelvic ureteral carcinoma includes the full length of the ureter and its bladder opening. In case of well differentiated tumor milling or isolated kidney, palliative local excision can be performed. 3.Bladder cancer The most common cancer of the urinary system. Smoking is considered to be an important cause of cancer. Intermittent and painless hematuria is the most common symptom of bladder cancer, and the diagnosis may be delayed because of intermittent and painless. There is no significant correlation between the amount of hematuria and the size, number and malignancy of the tumor. Hematuria may worsen at the end of the day with bladder irritation symptoms. If there is putrefied flesh in urine and difficulty in urination, most of them are advanced symptoms. Urine cytology is very important, if tumor cells are found, it can help to diagnose. In situ cancer can have no hematuria but cancer cells are present in urine. Cystoscopy is essential and plays a key role in deciding the treatment plan. Urography is mandatory for patients with bladder cancer to understand the kidneys and ureters. Flow cytometry and image analysis as well as tests such as ABO(H) and T antigen contribute to the understanding of the biological characteristics of the tumor. Carcinoma in situ and atypical proliferative lesions of the bladder mucosa are the basis for recurrence. 4.Urethral cancer Urethral cancer belongs to urethral epithelial tumor, which is relatively rare in clinical practice. About 50% of urethral cancer is secondary to metastatic epithelial cancer of bladder, ureter or renal pelvis, while primary urethral cancer is rare and mainly occurs in women. Most male urethral cancers are over 40 years old, while female urethral cancers are mostly seen in middle-aged and elderly people. Urethral bleeding is the main symptom, and obstruction of urethra by tumor may cause difficulty in urination. If the tumor is large, a mass can be felt locally. In women, urethral cancer mostly grows out of the body along the urethra. In late stage, urinary fistula, emaciation, anemia and other cachectic symptoms may appear. Examination: Diagnosis relies on ultrasound, CT, MRI and excretory urography, and if necessary, arteriography. Early symptoms 1. Pain: Patients with kidney cancer often have dull pain or hidden pain in the abdomen, which is a common manifestation in early stage and usually more obvious in late stage, and the pain can be relieved by itself in early stage and not easily detected. Renal pelvic tumor only appears renal colic when it causes hydronephrosis or hematuria. Systemic symptoms: In early stage, patients may have weakness, emaciation, unexplained fever and edema; also accompanied by obvious loss of appetite: abdominal stuffiness, indigestion, sometimes nausea and vomiting. 3.Other symptoms: There may be lumps in the waist of early stage kidney cancer patients, and kidney cancer patients may feel hard and uneven lumps in the waist or abdomen. This indicates that the tumor volume of kidney cancer is already large. Again, some patients may also have hematuria, which is also a typical kidney cancer symptom. 4.Hematuria: It is mostly sudden hematuria of the whole process of the naked eye, and sometimes there is also terminal hematuria. The whole process of hematuria is usually not accompanied by pain or uncomfortable symptoms, and often has intermittent episodes, which can stop by itself without being noticed; until the repeated episodes of the disease, the patient goes to hospital for examination. 5.Lumbar pain: The reason is due to the gradual increase of tumor pulling the kidney envelope to compress the surrounding nerves and intramuscular tissues. The pain is mainly in the lumbar region and abdomen. The pain manifests as pinprick and dull pain, sometimes the blood clot is blocked when discharged through the ureter and severe colic occurs, which is often misdiagnosed as kidney stone and delayed. 6.Lumps in the waist: when the tumor cells grow to a certain point, lumps will appear in the waist or abdomen of patients, sometimes they can be touched by hand, if the lumps are adhered to the surrounding tissues, fixed and not easily pushed, they are mostly in advanced stage. To sum up: for most people, prevention is the first thing to do! It is especially important to observe your own urine! If the color of urine is light red when you urinate, especially the first time after you wake up in the morning, like washing flesh-colored urine but does not hurt, then you should go to the hospital for a checkup, maybe this is the alarm signal sent to us by the body. All in all, it is important to insist on annual routine medical checkups, which are the most direct and reliable way to discover physical problems.