The medical term for a small baby from birth to 28 days is defined as the neonatal period. The newborn period is a very important stage when babies are just starting to adapt to this new world. The various manifestations of a newborn baby touch the heart of the parents. Are the following signs normal? (1) Babies breathe more rapidly than adults Newborns have shallow respiratory movements, but their respiratory rate is fast, so their relative respiratory volume per minute is not lower than that of adults. Large fluctuations in respiratory rate in the first two weeks of life are normal for newborns. Short-term increases in respiratory rate >80 breaths/min are not clinically significant. When in the fast-acting eye sleep phase, breathing is often irregular and may be accompanied by a 3-5 second pause; in the non-fast-acting eye sleep phase, breathing is generally regular and superficial. If the baby’s breathing continues to increase >60 breaths/min during quiet time, it should be considered abnormal and should be seen by a doctor. (2) Laryngeal wheezing Some babies have a laryngeal wheezing sound soon after birth, such as chicken sound, which is obvious when crying or feeding, and becomes smaller or disappears when quiet. This is due to congenital poorly developed laryngeal cartilage, resulting in laryngeal wheezing and suprasternal fossa depression during inspiration, also known as congenital laryngeal cartilage dysplasia, and laryngeal cartilage abnormalities can be detected by fiberoptic laryngoscopy. It mostly develops to its peak at 3-4 months and gradually disappears within 6 months to 1 year. (3) A few days after birth, the baby’s face is yellow Most babies will have yellow skin 2-3 days after birth, first from the face, reaching a peak in 4-5 days and fading in 7-10 days, which is a physiological phenomenon. During this period, jaundice progresses quickly and heavily, or jaundice in full-term babies is delayed until 2 weeks after birth and still does not subside, it is pathological. (4) Physiological weight loss Newborn baby body water accounted for 65%-75% of body weight or more, and then gradually reduced. A few days after birth due to the skin, urine and faeces, respiration and other loss of extracellular fluid water, can lead to a 4-7% drop in birth weight, but should not exceed 10% of the birth weight, more than 7-10 days after birth to recover to the birth weight. Also known as physiological weight loss. (5) physiological alopecia Some newborns can develop hair loss in the weeks after birth, mostly occurring within two to three weeks after birth, in a sudden or insidious manner. Sudden hair loss is rare, sudden, obvious hair loss; most of them are cryptogenic hair loss. It is caused by the rapid change of most hair follicles from the growth phase to the resting phase within a few days after the baby is born. It is characterized by the fact that the hair is black when it is first born, and then slowly turns yellow without treatment. At 4 or 5 months after birth, the fetal hair is naturally renewed, and sometimes it can last for several years, but eventually it all recovers without other abnormalities. If it is accompanied by irritability, night terrors and other abnormal manifestations, you should go to the hospital to understand whether there are pathological factors. (6) Extra teeth, also known as fetal teeth, can appear in normal newborns, commonly erupting in the position of the lower incisors of the milk teeth with one or more dislocated incisors, which are loose and easy to fall, without enamel, and easy to cause foreign bodies in the trachea after loosening and falling off, so they should be extracted. (7) Tongue tie The tongue tie in normal newborns has individual differences, can be thin or thick, tight or loose. Sometimes the tongue tie is too short and too thick, but generally does not affect the sucking action, and can be gradually extended later. (8) The breasts look bigger When a newborn is born, there is a certain amount of estrogen from the mother, whether it is a baby girl or a baby boy, some babies will have enlarged breasts 4-7 days after birth, ranging in size from fava beans to walnuts, and sometimes a small amount of milk is secreted. This is a normal physiological phenomenon that generally does not require treatment, and should not be squeezed or rubbed by hand to avoid squeezing the mammary glands and causing infection. As the concentration of estrogen from the mother gradually decreases, it will slowly subside in 2-3 weeks. (9) Umbilical hernia is common in normal newborns, especially premature babies. Generally, after the umbilical cord stump is detached, the umbilicus gradually enlarges and protrudes outward due to the imperfect development of the muscles around the umbilicus. The umbilical hernia may be large or small, and the contents may be intestinal segments or large omentum. Most umbilical hernias heal spontaneously within 6 months to 2 years of age, while very large umbilical hernias can be treated surgically. (10) Vaginal bleeding in female infants Some female infants have bloody vaginal discharge at the end of the week after birth. This is due to the fetal vaginal epithelium and endometrium being influenced by maternal hormones, similar to women before ovulation. No treatment is needed, and it will disappear after a few days. (11) Red urine Newborns 2-5 days after birth can cry during urination and see urine staining the diaper, which is related to the increased excretion of urates due to more decomposition of white blood cells and less urine. It disappears after a few days. (12) Syringomyelia Syringomyelia is a fetal testis descending from the retroperitoneal space, the blind pouch (peritoneal sphincter) composed of two layers of peritoneum also enters the scrotum through the ventral canal, during the development process, except for the testicular sphincter, the other parts of the sphincter are closed before birth, if the closure is incomplete, different types of syringomyelia appear. This is manifested by enlargement of the ventral canal and scrotum and a positive transillumination test. Congenital syringomyelia often occurs at the end of the neonatal period and is found to be progressively larger, mostly unilateral, without inguinal hernia, and usually resolves spontaneously after a few months. (13) Foot entropion or foot supination The former is manifested by the plantar deviation to the inside, but the ankle and heel position can be normal, and in serious cases, horseshoe foot can be formed, the incidence is 1.2 per 1,000, of which 80% are male. In the latter case, the dorsum of the foot is pressed against the abdomen, favoring the peroneal side, due to intrauterine position compression, with an incidence of about 1 per 1,000, mostly in the first child, 4 times higher in women than in men, probably because the connective tissue of female joints is more lax than that of men. As the day grows older, if the normal form cannot be restored, surgical release treatment is required. (14) Corn rash In some newborns, a pinhead-like yellowish-white corn rash is often seen on the tip of the nose, nose, cheeks and face due to the accumulation of sebaceous glands, which disappears naturally after peeling off the skin. (15) Cyanotic blue spots, white skin is blue, is a kind of congenital skin pigmentation in normal newborns. The melanocytes originating from the neural crest fail to cross the junction between epidermis and dermis when migrating to the epidermis, and are retained in the dermis to delay their disappearance. It can be a few centimeters or a large area covering the waist, back, buttocks and thighs, and most of them fade away at 2-3 years old, while some disappear naturally at 7-8 years old. (16) Orange-red spots, i.e. neonatal spots, bright red or light red, color does not show, light pressure will fade. The central part of the lesion is a dilated capillary, surrounded by a pale halo of hypopigmented skin, with a diameter of 1-4 cm, appearing on the forehead, between the eyebrows, upper eyelids, around the nose, occipital neck or sacral area. It is often present at birth and may fade rapidly or gradually after birth, disappearing by 1.5 years of age. (17) Cyanosis or cyanosis in newborns is mostly pathological, but sometimes also occurs in normal newborns, often manifested as local cyanosis, such as the lips of the mouth, finger and toe ends and under the deck, due to the exposure of the circulatory end parts, cold, pressure and polycythemia, etc., which is temporary, and the cyanosis can disappear after the cause is removed. In addition, there is also injury bruising, such as the delivery of the first dew site pressure for a long time, can appear pioneer head, pioneer shoulder, pioneer foot, characterized by the pressure site with cervical circle traces, and accompanied by edema, sometimes there may be bleeding spots, if not accompanied by other abnormalities, then later can gradually subside.