Advances in infertility treatment have provided treatment for almost all couples with the possibility of pregnancy: (i) Treatment of PCOS infertility 1. Some obese PCOS patients may ovulate naturally by reducing their body weight by 10-15% lai. 2. Commonly used ovulation-promoting drugs: clomiphene, urotropin, folliculopoietin, etc. (b) Treatment of premature ovarian failure 1. hormone replacement therapy to prevent osteoporosis and reduce low estrogen symptoms. 2. Receive egg donation IVF. This group of patients can also be advised to adopt or not to have children. (iii) Uterine factors 1. endometrial polyps and submucosal fibroids: removal of endometrial polyps or submucosal fibroids by hysteroscopy 2. interstitial or subplasmic fibroids: pregnancy rate is reduced in those with >4 cm fibroids, however, surgical removal of fibroids does not improve pregnancy rate. Surgery also poses a risk of postoperative tubal and peri-ovarian adhesions and a 30% recurrence rate after surgery. Therefore, whether to remove interstitial or subplasmic fibroids before infertility treatment should be considered in the context of the patient’s various etiologies. （The success rate of laparoscopic removal of loose, non-vascularized adhesions around the fallopian tubes and ovaries can be as high as 70%, but there is also the possibility of ectopic pregnancy. In case of severe pelvic adhesions, the postoperative intrauterine pregnancy rate is minimal and therefore not recommended. 2. IVF is a more effective treatment for patients with severe tubal lesions, with a satisfactory pregnancy rate after treatment, reducing the risk of ectopic pregnancy and avoiding unnecessarily long expectant treatment after surgery. (v) Treatment of endometriosis If severe to moderate endometriosis is diagnosed, early treatment with assisted reproductive technology should be performed after surgery. In case of mild endometriosis, in addition to the lesion, for example, young couples would opt for expectant treatment for 6-12 months, still for pregnancy, and also for assisted reproductive technology treatment. In patients with confirmed endoheterosis, studies have shown that the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone for 3-6 months prior to IVF can improve pregnancy outcomes. (vi) Treatment of infertile women of advanced age Age has a dramatic effect on fertility. The overall infertility rate in the population is 2.4%, rising to 11% after age 34, 33% after age 40, and 87% after age 45. The fertility rate per cycle decreases significantly with increasing age, and the risk of infertility increases at least 10-15 years before menopause, as does the incidence of spontaneous abortion and fetal chromosomal abnormalities. Women who are older should seek early medical treatment. (vii) Advanced paternal age Recently, the medical community has become concerned about the effect of paternal age on fertility. Studies have shown that men >35 years old are twice as likely to be infertile as those <25 years old. In couples treated for infertility, the waiting time for pregnancy increased significantly with the age of the male partner after controlling for the influence of maternal factors. Correlations between paternal age and offspring autism disorder, schizophrenia, and other mental disorders have also been reported. testosterone levels in men decrease at a rate of 1% per year after age 30, although its effect on fertility is unknown. Ultimately, erectile dysfunction correlates with age-related physiological changes that can significantly affect a couple's chances of conceiving. Many women and couples do not attempt pregnancy until their lifestyles allow for child rearing, and these couples should understand the importance of age-related declines in fertility. Therefore, if a woman of advanced age is planning a pregnancy, if medical history and investigations suggest a possible cause of infertility (e.g., irregular menstruation or history of sexually transmitted diseases at the time), appropriate testing should be started promptly.