Polyarteritis nodosa, a non-granulomatous vasculitis characterized by segmental inflammation and necrosis of small and medium-sized arteries, has an unknown etiology. It is sometimes associated with bacterial infections, viral infections or medications and serum injections, and sometimes the disease is caused by hepatitis B virus infection. Patients mainly present with fever, headache, malaise, peripheral discomfort, excessive sweating, weight loss, muscle pain, extremity pain, abdominal pain and arthralgia. It has very many clinical symptoms and a very poor prognosis, with a five-year survival rate of only 13% if left untreated, often causing kidney and other vital organ failure. It should be treated as early as possible after detection so that the patient’s condition can be controlled and the healing process will improve. The main treatment and the drug of choice is glucocorticoids, followed by immunosuppressants and anti-hepatitis B virus medication, or vasodilators and anticoagulants, sometimes immunoglobulins and biologics also have some effect.