1.The purpose of diet therapy: to control total calories and maintain reasonable weight gain of pregnant women. The ideal weight gain during pregnancy: 1.5-3kg before 12 weeks of pregnancy is appropriate; 0.3-0.5kg per week in the middle and late stages of pregnancy is appropriate; less than 8kg before 28 weeks of pregnancy; about 8kg for obese people and 12.5kg for normal weight people. Ensure the nutritional needs of the mother to enable normal growth and development of the fetus. Ensure normal blood sugar, no hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia and starvation ketosis.
2. Ask patients to achieve reasonable control of diet, exercise, and drug therapy. Learn blood glucose self-monitoring, regular blood glucose monitoring (half an hour before three meals, two hours after three meals, and at night before bedtime) regular checks of urinary ketone bodies, blood pressure, and fetal development monitoring.
3, control the amount of food eaten should be the type and amount of food eaten every day, to be aware of. When you start using diet therapy, use a scale (spring scale or pole scale is recommended) to weigh the main and side dishes, cook them and put them in the utensils to see how much there is, and then you can estimate them by this amount. It is best to bring your own set of special bowls, plates, spoons, etc., each time you eat to take out the food you should eat over time, you can develop the habit of eating according to the amount.
4, the correct choice of food
(1) Cereals are the main source of carbohydrates, the main food. Including rice, noodles and other refined grains; corn, millet, buckwheat, oats and other coarse grains; sweet potatoes, potatoes and other mixed grains. Vegetables with starch as the main component as a side dish, should be counted in the amount of staple foods, these vegetables are lotus root, yam, rhizome, taro, lily, water chestnuts, cicely, chestnuts, etc.; in addition to soy beans, such as adzuki beans, mung beans, fava beans, kidney beans, peas, and their products vermicelli, vermicelli, etc., the main component is also starch, should also be counted as the amount of staple foods. Daily staple food must eat enough, not less than 300g (dry products); staple food to do rice, flour mixed consumption is good for health, that is, two meals a day rice staple food, a noodle staple food, or a rice staple food, two meals noodle staple food; staple food must be mainly refined grains, with coarse grains, mixed grains, to improve the nutritional value, never eat all coarse grains.
(2) vegetables must eat enough to more than 500 grams a day, and appropriate beyond the not particularly strict limits. To green leafy vegetables is good, not less than 50% of green vegetables. Sugar content of 3% or less of the following vegetables to choose from: cabbage, cabbage, spinach, rape, oleander, leek, fennel, coronary, celery, skullcap, lettuce shoot, zucchini, tomatoes, winter melon, bitter melon, cucumber, eggplant, loofah, kale, lady’s mantle, collapsed cabbage, water spinach, amaranth, lobelia, mung bean sprouts, fresh mushrooms, water-soaked kelp, etc.
(3) Choose high-quality protein, such as lean meat, poultry, fish and shrimp, eggs, milk, soybean products, etc.. This is a high-protein, low-fat food. You should ensure a daily intake of one egg (50g) and one bag of milk (250ml). Milk contains a lot of calcium and vitamin B2.
(4) Cooking oil with vegetable oil, no more than 20 grams is appropriate (1-2 spoons of oil). No more than 6 grams of salt. Sauce, vinegar, onion, ginger, pepper, spices and other condiments can be used at will, but should not be excessive, to light is appropriate. Cooking methods should be steamed, boiled, mixed, stewed, braised and fried, avoiding fried and candied foods. Avoid using fried rice, fried noodles, etc.
5.Caution for fruit consumption
If the blood sugar level continues to be high or fluctuates greatly in the near future, do not consume fruits temporarily. After the blood sugar control is stable, you can eat some fruits in moderation. Fruits should not be eaten together with regular meals, and it is better to take them as extra meals between two meals, and choose to eat them at 9:00-10:00 am or 3:00-4:00 pm or before going to bed at night, so as not to make blood sugar too high, but also to prevent hypoglycemia. Fruits with relatively low sugar content and slow rate of raising blood sugar should be chosen. The latter may be different for different diabetics, and it is important to find the right fruit for you through blood sugar monitoring. Generally speaking: bananas, dates, lychees, persimmons, red fruits, hawthorn have relatively high sugar content; oranges, apples, pears have medium sugar content; melons, watermelons, strawberries, cherries, grapefruit have low sugar content and can be preferred; tomatoes, cucumbers have very low sugar content and can be eaten appropriately instead of fruits. The amount of fruit consumed daily should not exceed 200 grams, and at the same time must reduce the amount of staple food 25 grams, which is the food equivalence exchange approach, in order to keep the total daily calorie intake the same.
6.Foods that should not be eaten
(1) all kinds of sugar: white sugar, brown sugar, rock sugar, glucose, maltose, honey, chocolate, milk sugar, fruit sugar and preserves, canned fruit, soft drinks, fruit juice, sweet drinks, jam, ice cream, sweet cookies, cakes, sweet bread, sugar pastries and other foods.
(2) nuts food (peanuts, melon seeds, walnuts, almonds, pine nuts, hazelnuts) is the main component of oil (about 50%), and contains a certain amount of sugar, about 15 grains of peanuts, or 25 sunflower seeds is equivalent to 10 grams of oil, so should be eaten less or not eaten, not to mention can not be used to fill the hunger, not only will raise blood sugar, but also fat, increasing insulin resistance. If you eat, you should reduce the intake of cooking oil.
(3) food that can easily raise blood lipids: butter, lamb fat, lard, butter, cream, fatty meat. All kinds of fried, deep-fried, crispy food, as well as lard, chicken skin, duck skin should be eaten less or not.
(4) Prohibit the consumption of alcohol. Because of the high calorie content of wine, alcohol contained in wine does not contain other nutrients only for caloric energy. Beer per 100 ml that contains 11 grams of sugar, easy to absorb, so that blood sugar increases, difficult to control, easy to increase weight. Drinks are recommended to use mineral water, soda, tea.
(5) Quit smoking. Because smoke has the effect of stimulating the release of glucagon, but also tissue hypoxia, microcirculatory disorders.
(6) Limit the food eaten. Limit the amount of cholesterol into, should not use or use less animal offal, such as heart, liver, kidney, brain, egg yolk, pine eggs, etc.. This type of food is rich in cholesterol.
7, adhere to the small meals, regular meals in order to avoid a sudden rise in blood sugar, daily divided into 5-6 meals, “three large meals, three small meals”. At least three meals, do not two meals a day. The amount of staple food for the three meals is 1/5 for breakfast, 2/5 for lunch and 2/5 for dinner. Patients who are injecting insulin should follow the doctor’s instruction to share 25-50g of staple food from the main meal to be eaten at meal time. Meal time: 9:00-10:00 a.m., 3:00-4:00 p.m., and at night before bedtime. The additional meal before bedtime can be served with 1/2 cup of milk or 1 egg or 2 pieces of dried tofu and other protein-rich foods in addition to the main meal to delay the absorption of glucose and prevent hypoglycemia at night.
8. Exercise therapy. Start walking 10 minutes to half an hour after the meal, and walk for 25-30 minutes. Exercise therapy is not suitable for those with preterm labor or combined with other serious complications.
9.Glucose control standard during pregnancy. Glycosylated hemoglobin should not exceed 5.5%. Glycosylated hemoglobin is not affected by the fluctuation of blood glucose momentarily high and low, and cannot reflect the recent blood glucose control level, but can reflect the average blood glucose level 1-2 months before taking blood, which is a good indicator to reflect the long-term control of diabetes, and has an important position in the prediction of long-term complications of diabetes.