Left renal vein compression syndrome, also known as nutcracker syndrome, is caused by congenital anatomical abnormalities in the human body, which can generally be restored to normal by surgical correction of structural deformities and is not a serious disease. The left renal vein is compressed by the superior mesenteric artery and the abdominal aorta due to its long course, and if the angle between the two vessels is small, it can compress the left renal vein, resulting in obstruction of blood flow in the kidney. As a result, some clinical manifestations, such as proteinuria, hematuria and chronic inflammatory state of the kidney, may occur. Therefore, patients need to be fully evaluated and choose surgery to treat the condition, which can be completely cured by changing the anatomical malformation.