Stem cell transplantation for the treatment of cerebral infarction is currently mostly in the basic experimental stage and has not yet entered clinical use. Stem cells have the potential of self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation, and under specific conditions, they can be differentiated into various cells and tissues and organs of the organism. Stem cell transplantation is to transplant stem cells into the patient’s body or directly inject them into the diseased area, so as to repair the diseased cells and rebuild the function of the diseased tissues and organs. Cerebral infarction, also known as ischemic stroke, is a disease in which the blood circulation in the brain is impaired, resulting in ischemic necrosis or softening of limited brain tissue caused by ischemia and hypoxia. Most of the survivors after conventional treatment of cerebral infarction are left with severe functional disabilities such as paralysis and slurred speech, making further recovery extremely difficult. With the deepening of basic and clinical research, more and more evidence shows that a certain number of neural stem cells capable of proliferation, differentiation and repair of brain function exist in both embryonic and adult brain tissue, so allogeneic stem cell transplantation and autologous stem cell mobilization have become more promising therapeutic methods for the treatment of cerebral infarction. However, at present, stem cell transplantation for the treatment of cerebral infarction is mainly in the basic experimental stage, and good efficacy has been obtained in animal models, but fewer clinical trials are needed to further confirm.