According to the doctrine of the three primary colors, loss of color discrimination of one color is called dichromatic vision, and loss of red color discrimination is called red-blindness. This person has a shortened red end of the spectrum and is less sensitive to the red color of the spectrum and sees it as a dark color. Loss of green color discrimination is called green blindness. Yellow-blue color blindness is less common. Loss of color discrimination in both colors is called monochromatic vision, also known as panchromatic blindness, where only light and dark are distinguished. There are two types of panchromatic blindness: typical and atypical. Typical panchromatic blindness is also known as optic rod cell monochromatic vision, this person, although his color discrimination is not good, but the saturation and brightness of color is extremely sensitive, there is photophobia, low vision, young people can have persistent vertical nystagmus, visual field may have a small central dark spot, wear sunglasses can help tolerate normal sunlight, dark adaptation than normal people, normal people need 5 to 10min, while panchromatic blindness is in 1 to In normal people, it takes 5-10 min, but in panchromatic blindness, it takes 1 to 2 min to reach the level of adaptation. Atypical panchromatopsia, also known in the early literature as cone cell monochromia, is characterized by “normal” cone cells, good visual acuity, no nystagmus or photophobia, normal dark adaptation and ERG, but complete loss of color vision. In 1986, Nathans et al. demonstrated from molecular biology that the human red-green gene is located on the X chromosome, while the blue gene is located on the seventh autosomal pair. Abnormalities in color vision are caused by unequal exchange and recombination of genes. Acquired color vision abnormalities can be caused by ocular diseases, systemic lesions, neurological disorders, chemicals, drugs, or age factors. kollner first suggested that retinal diseases are dominated by yellow and blue disorders, while optic nerve diseases are manifested by red and green disorders.