Kyphosis is a deformity of the back that results from a forward curvature of the spine. Some people have postural kyphosis, which is not rigid: others suffer from rigid or structural kyphosis. Existing Scheuermann kyphosis (which can be exacerbated by superimposed compression fractures) is the cause of the deformity. However, multiple compression fractures can produce deformities due to collapsed vertebrae, a condition most commonly seen in older women with osteoporosis. Symptoms and diagnosis: Low back pain is the most common symptom, but patients may also complain of increased deformity and decreased height. x-rays, MRI, and CT scans are used to evaluate this deformity. Treatment: Current treatments include physical therapy and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy. If the patient has osteoporosis, this must also be addressed. As mentioned earlier, there are many effective medications (e.g., calcitonin) that reduce pain but do not correct cuneiform or severe spinal deformities. Bracing can support the spine and reduce muscle spasm. If there is any doubt about the underlying cause of the compression fracture, a biopsy may be necessary to rule out tumors, infection, or other conditions. If these conservative measures do not work, surgery may be necessary to control pain and improve deformity or nerve root decompression. In these cases, vertebral kyphoplasty may be most useful, but more extensive fusion with instrumentation may be necessary for therapeutic purposes.