Many factors influence the formation of urinary stones. Age, gender, race, genetics, environmental factors, diet and occupation have a great impact on stone formation. Metabolic abnormalities in the body, urinary tract obstruction, infection, foreign body and drug use are common causes of stone formation. Paying attention to these problems can reduce the formation and recurrence of stones. 1, metabolic abnormalities urinary pH hypercalcemia causes common causes of hypercalcemia such as hyperparathyroidism, lacto-alkaline syndrome, nodular disease or sarcoidosis, vitamin D toxicity, malignancy, cortisol increase, hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, adrenal insufficiency, taking thiazide diuretics, recovery from acute glomerular necrosis, multiple myeloma , hypothyroidism and vitamin A toxicity. There are 3 types of primary hypercalciuria: absorptive hypercalciuria, renal hypercalciuria and reabsorptive hypercalciuria. In addition, some metabolic diseases of clear etiology can also cause secondary hypercalciuria and the formation of calcium-containing stones in the urinary tract, such as distal tubular acidosis, nodular disease, prolonged bed rest, bone Paget’s disease, glucocorticoid excess, hyperthyroidism, and vitamin D toxicity. Of these, 0.5-3% of patients with urinary calcium stones have distal tubular acidosis. Primary hyperoxaluria is rare. Causes of secondary hyperoxaluria include excessive intake of VitC, excessive dietary intake of oxalic acid and its precursors, reduced dietary calcium intake, enterogenic hyperoxaluria and VitB6 deficiency. A common cause of increased urinary oxalate is increased absorption of enteric-derived oxalic acid and its precursors. On the other hand, hyperoxaluria associated with disturbances in bile acid metabolism and excessive water loss can also occur after small bowel resection or short-circuit surgery, steatorrhea, or Crohn’s disease. In addition, it has been suggested that patients with hyperoxaluria have a reduced number of Bacillus oxalophilus in the intestinal tract. Hyperoxaluria bladder aciduria low raffinuria low magnesiumuria. 2, local etiology Urinary tract obstruction, infection, and the presence of foreign bodies in the urinary tract are the main local factors that induce stone formation, obstruction can lead to infection and stone formation, while the stone itself is a foreign body in the urinary tract, the latter will aggravate the degree of obstruction and infection. Clinical obstructive diseases that predispose to urinary stone formation include two major categories of mechanical obstruction and dynamic obstruction. Among them, pelvic ureteral junction stenosis, bladder neck stenosis, spongy kidney, renal ureteral malformation, ureteral orifice bulge, renal cyst, renal calyx diverticulum and leptomeningeal kidney are common mechanical obstructive diseases. In addition, intrarenal type pelvic and calyx neck stenosis can cause urine retention, which can induce kidney stone formation. Neurogenic bladder and congenital giant ureter are power obstructive diseases, and the latter two can also cause urine retention and promote stone formation. 3, drug-related factors Drug-induced kidney stones account for 1%-2% of all stones, divided into 2 categories: a class of drugs with high concentration and low solubility in the urine, including aminoglutethimide, drugs for the treatment of HIV infection, magnesium silicate and sulfonamides, which are themselves components of stones. The other category is drugs that can induce stone formation, including acetazolamide, VitC, VitD and corticosteroids, which in the process of metabolism lead to the formation of stones of other components.