New mothers face a budding little life, both surprised and delighted, but when the baby encountered problems, and scared, all kinds of problems are what? Is it normal? What should be done? Let’s discuss today’s topic, “Characteristics, care and feeding of newborns”. What is a newborn baby? The medical term for a baby from the time the fetus leaves the mother’s body to 28 days is a newborn. Although this period is not long, it is the first stage of the baby’s development, and it is a particularly important one. Newborns are classified as full-term, preterm, or term based on gestational age and weight, and today we will focus on full-term babies (37-42 weeks). Sleep time of newborns. Early newborns sleep relatively long, up to 20 hours a day or more, late newborns sleep relatively less, about 16-18 hours, this is only a reference value, the actual sleep more or less hours, generally normal, parents do not need to worry. Here we also want to remind you that babies can stay asleep for 5 or 6 hours at a time. Considering the limited sugar reserves of newborns, excessively prolonging the interval between feedings can easily lead to hypoglycemia in newborns, so the interval between feedings for newborns should not exceed 4 hours, please keep this in mind for mothers. Newborn baby whistles. About 40 times/min. If the baby’s whistling is greater than 80 times/min. or less than 20 times/min. you need to see a doctor. In clinical work, many mothers of babies ask, “Can my baby have a precordial heart disease, it sounds like a murmur? In the first few days of life, the newborn will have a heart murmur, which may be the baby’s arterial duct or foramen ovale temporarily not closed, the blood flow sound, parents do not need to be nervous, can choose three months or six months to review. Newborn baby urine volume. Newborns urinate about 20 times a day and are slightly yellow. If the urine is yellowish, mom and dad should ask the doctor to do a urine test to see if it is normal. Newborn baby’s stool. Golden yellow in color, no special odor, 4-6 times a day for exclusively breastfed newborns, 1-2 times for artificially fed ones. Newborn overflowing milk. Because the newborn’s gastrointestinal development is not perfect, the manifestation of the spray gate relaxation and pylorus spasm, thus occurring overflow. To reduce newborn overflow: 1, change the baby’s diaper bag before feeding, do not change it after feeding, so as not to cause overflow due to activity; 2, hold the baby vertically after feeding, gently pat the back until burping and then gently put it down; 3, if you find that the baby has peed and pulled after feeding, do not immediately change the baby’s diaper bag, wait until the baby is asleep and then gently change it; 4, if the baby eats milk urgently, the mother should also be properly controlled. If the milk is more rushed, the mother can use her hand to gently clamp the back of the areola to make the milk flow slowly; 5. To let the baby contain the areola to avoid inhaling too much air and to avoid the baby sucking on the empty breast; 6. If the baby uses a pacifier, let the milk fill the pacifier to avoid the baby inhaling too much air. The focus of baby feeding: the amount and frequency of food. Breastfeeding, on-demand breastfeeding baby is hungry, mother feels the milk swollen to feed. 24 hours feeding 12 times, 20-30 minutes each time, interval of about two hours once. In the first week of life, the interval between feedings can be shortened by 1-2 hours. In the fourth week of life, the interval can be 2-3 hours. Many mothers choose to put the sucked breast milk in the bottle to feed their babies, is this correct? In fact, do not choose such a feeding method unless it is a last resort, because breastfeeding is not only for the baby to be able to eat breast milk, but there are also many benefits for the baby to suck on the mother’s nipples. The direct sucking of the baby’s nipple is beneficial to the elimination of uterine residues and the recovery of the uterus. It is good for the mother’s pelvic health and reduces the incidence of breast growth, breast cancer and ovarian cancer. It is also more hygienic and the temperature is more appropriate. For mixed feeding, breast milk should be fed first every time, formula should be fed less than 30 minutes from the last feeding time, and breast milk should be fed first more than 30 minutes from the last feeding time, and formula should be fed again if there is no breast milk. The interval between breast milk and formula should be as short as possible, which can be as short as 30 minutes, and the interval between formula and breast milk should be as long as possible, which can be extended to 2 hours. The best way to mix feeding should be: if it has been more than 1 hour since the last feeding, don’t consider whether you have milk or not, always feed breast milk, and don’t force feed if your baby cries and spits out the nipple because he can’t suck the milk. But also do not immediately feed your baby with formula, because then your baby will have accumulated experience, breast milk is hard to eat, formula is easy to eat, and when you feed your baby breast milk your baby will cry for formula and refuse to eat it even if you have breast milk. Formula feeding, breastfeeding on time, 8-12 times in 24 hours, 50-80 ml each time. 400-600 ml per day, with a feeding interval of about 3 hours. Some common problems in feeding a formula-fed newborn. Babies do not always drink all of the formula that is brewed according to the mother’s estimate. If the baby can’t finish it, the mother should not force feed the baby or give it to the baby after a while, as this can cause accumulation of food or even anorexia. It is better to pour out the rest of the milk for others to drink, so that it is not wasted and the baby does not have to drink the leftover milk. Milk is the best medium for bacteria. If you save the leftover milk for the next meal, make sure to put it in the refrigerator and heat it up with a milk warmer for the next meal, and don’t mix the leftover milk with the newly brewed milk. How many times a day should I breastfeed my baby? The principle is to breastfeed on demand. During the first 1-2 weeks of life, newborns eat milk more often, some more than a dozen times a day, even in the second half of the night. At 37 weeks, the number of times the baby eats milk drops significantly to 7-8 times a day, and the baby often sleeps for 5-6 hours in the second half of the night without eating milk. What is the most appropriate temperature for milk? We now believe that the appropriate milk temperature is about 42 degrees Celsius, not less than 40 degrees and not more than 45 degrees. Note: No additional hydration is needed for exclusively breastfed infants. infants should be outdoors (in the sun) every day to get vitamin D to speed up metabolism and reduce jaundice. vitamin D should be added after 2 weeks, with 600 international units of vitamin D per day in the north and 400 international units per day in the south. We would like to draw your attention to the fact that you should not feed your baby as soon as he cries, because crying is not always a sign of hunger, there may be other reasons, and the mother should pay attention to the difference.