1.Disorders of falling asleep and maintaining sleep Often collectively referred to as insomnia, it is the most common manifestation of sleep disorders, including difficulty falling asleep, easy to wake up, waking up early during sleep and feeling tired or sleepy during the day after waking. Insomnia is associated with a variety of factors. It can be a symptom of some underlying psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. It can also be caused by the following factors: ① somatic factors, such as pain, scratching, etc.; ② mental factors, such as anxiety, fear, fear of insomnia, etc.; ③ biological agents, such as strong tea, coffee, central excitatory drugs, withdrawal reactions, etc.; ④ other factors, such as the influence of daytime life, environmental factors, poor sleep habits, personality traits, genetic factors, etc. In China, it is customary to call insomnia caused by the above-mentioned ④ factors as insomnia. For insomnia caused by various reasons, the primary factors are mainly dealt with. There are also pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for insomnia. Commonly used sleeping pills include triazolam, Valium, Scholastin, Lola, etc. These drugs can be divided into long-acting and short-acting categories according to their half-lives. Those who have difficulty sleeping are easy to choose the short-acting class, and those who maintain sleep disorder or early awakening are suitable for the long-acting class. These drugs are prone to addiction in the long term, so they should be used intermittently and discontinued in a planned manner to prevent rebound. Non-pharmacological therapies include sleep hygiene education, stimulus control training, sleep restraint, relaxation training, phototherapy, and chronotherapy, etc., which are also clinically effective and can be used according to the specific situation, and can also be applied in combination with drugs. 2, excessive sleep in the country is also known as narcolepsy (hypersomnia), refers to excessive daytime or nighttime sleep, not due to sleep deprivation, episodic sleeping sickness, other mental disorders, often related to psychological factors. Patients present with excessive sleep or sleep episodes lasting for more than 1 month per day. The brain wave examination is normal brain wave, and there may be a transient blurred state of consciousness after sleep awakening, increased heart rate and respiratory rhythm, and also depressed mood. In addition to exclusion of episodic sleep disorder, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) should also be excluded from the diagnosis. Treatment is mainly symptomatic treatment, can be appropriate application of central stimulants, such as Ritalin, pemoline, promethazine, etc., starting with small amounts, symptoms should be timely discontinued after improvement. 3, abnormal behavior in sleep This is a group of sleep-related episodes of abnormal somatic phenomena or behavioral disorders, related to sleep stages or sleep-wake transitions. It mainly includes somnabulism and REM sleep abnormal behavior (RSBD), among which somnambulism is the most common. Sleep walking disorder, commonly known as sleepwalking, occurs in about 1%-15% of the general population. Recent studies have shown that sleep walking disorder does not occur in dreams, but mainly in stages 3 and 4 of non-REM sleep, and can be accompanied by night terrors and enuresis. Patients get up and walk, get dressed, and even engage in more complex behaviors from sleep. Due to the presence of a certain level of consciousness, simple responses to the environment are still possible, but there is more amnesia after waking. Forced awakening during the sleepwalking period may be accompanied by blurred consciousness. Most of those who have sleepwalking episodes in childhood stop by themselves in adolescence. There may be a family history. Psychomotor epilepsy should be considered if it occurs in adulthood. Valium or central excitatory drugs can be used, but the effect is not satisfactory. 4. Sleep rhythm disorder The main characteristic is that the patient’s sleep pattern is different from the regular resting time, unable to sleep when he/she should sleep, and difficult to wake up when he/she should wake up, resulting in insomnia and excessive drowsiness. It mainly includes jet lag and delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS), with delayed sleep phase syndrome being the most common. Delayed sleep phase syndrome is a common sleep rhythm disorder that occurs mostly in adolescence and can be primary or occur after a period of night work or night driving. Patients fall asleep and wake up later than the regular social routine, and actually fall asleep at approximately the same time each day, usually after 2 a.m. The duration and quality of sleep is normal. Forced adherence to a regular resting time does not lead to earlier sleep. Treatment includes: ① Light therapy. A special fluorescent light is used in the morning from about 6 to 8 am to help bring forward the sleep phase. ② Chronotherapy. Delaying bedtime and wake-up time by 3 hours a day until it returns to the regular resting time. (iii) Medication. The most striking effect at present is that of melatonin (melatonin), which has been found to regulate biorhythms, induce sleep, shorten sleep latency and improve sleep quality.