1, how urinary stones are formed The core aspect of stone formation is supersaturation. Just like a glass of salt water, a small amount of salt dissolves easily, and as the amount of salt added increases, it will reach an equilibrium point of dissolution and crystallization, called the saturation point. If more salt is added, salt crystals will form and precipitate. This represents the basic process of stone formation. 2.What are the types of urinary tract stones? Urinary tract stones are divided into oxalate stones, phosphate stones, uric acid and urate stones, magnesium phosphate stones, cystine stones, etc., according to the different stone sites, they can be divided into kidney stones, ureteral stones, bladder stones, urethral stones, etc. (1) Diet and water consumption, we can record the diet and water consumption for a week to understand the characteristics of the patient’s diet and water consumption to determine whether the formation of stones is related to them. (2) Medications, such as cortisone, can promote intestinal absorption of calcium and cause hypercalcemia; loop diuretics and vitamin D can also cause hypercalcemia. (3) Infection, urease producing bacteria can cause infected stones. (4) Activity conditions, prolonged bed rest can easily lead to bone resorption and hypercalcemia. (5) Systemic diseases, such as primary hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular acidosis, gout, sarcoidosis, etc. predispose to urinary calculi. (6) Heredity, when other family members have a history of stone disease, the likelihood of stone recurrence is four times higher than normal. (7) Anatomical abnormalities, such as urinary tract obstruction, horseshoe kidney, prostatic hyperplasia, and urethral stricture can lead to urinary stasis and stone formation. The spongy kidney is the most common structural abnormality of the kidney that induces calcium-containing stones. (8) History of surgery, intestinal resection leading to diarrhea suggests hyperoxaluria or hypocitraturia. 4, what are the manifestations of urinary stones and how to detect them The manifestations of urinary stones are mainly pain and hematuria. The pain can be dull or colic, often located in the angle of the rib cage, lumbar region or abdomen, mostly paroxysmal, usually called renal colic. The pain is often accompanied by microscopic hematuria or carnal hematuria, with the former being the most common. Most urinary stones contain large amounts of calcium, which can be seen on a routine abdominal photograph (KUB). The size and shape of the urinary stone can be clearly shown. Intravenous urography (IVU) is often needed to understand the condition of the renal calyces, to determine the location of stones, and when X-ray permeable urinary stones are suspected. However, in acute obstructive colic, the pressure in the renal pelvis and calyces may increase and the urinary secretion in the kidney may be poor. When the diagnosis of stone cannot be confirmed by IVU, retrograde pyelogram is often the next step. When both IVU and retrograde pyelogram fail to confirm the diagnosis, ultrasound and CT may be performed. CT examination is useful in the diagnosis of calculi by X-ray, and the CT image of calculi is a high-density shadow. 5.What kind of pain is called renal colic? Renal colic usually manifests in two ways, one is localized pain and the other is metastatic pain. Localized pain is pain felt in or near the organ of origin, such as the pain of a kidney stone located in the ribs, the corner of the rib cage or near the 12th rib; metastatic pain is pain that occurs some distance away from this diseased organ.