The main tests for UTIs in women are urine routine and urine bacterial culture. A routine urinalysis can reveal trace protein, increased white and/or red blood cells under high-powered microscopy, and a urine bacterial smear can reveal one or more bacteria per field of view. A positive urine bacterial culture is a golden indicator for the diagnosis of UTI. Specimens are taken from clean mid-stage urine or bladder puncture urine, and a quantitative culture of bacteria greater than or equal to 100,000 bacteria/ml is required. Some patients with recurrent urinary tract infections also need to have urinary tract ultrasound, plain abdominal plain film, and retrograde pyelogram in order to detect any urinary tract problems such as stones, obstruction, or developmental abnormalities.