Lymphomas are malignant neoplasms that originate in the lymphoreticular system, mostly in lymph nodes and/or extra-nodal lymphoid tissue. Malignant lymphomas are divided into two major groups: Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Lymphoma has a tendency to increase year by year, with more than 4.5 million patients worldwide, and is one of the fastest rising tumors. Pathogenic factors of lymphoma EB virus (DNA tumor virus) and retrovirus are closely related to the development of lymphoma. In addition malignant lymphoma may also be related to certain bacterial infections, immune deficiency, immune diseases, ionizing radiation, genetic factors, etc. Common symptoms of lymphoma I. Local manifestations 1. Lymph node enlargement: It is the most common and typical clinical manifestation of lymphoma. It includes superficial and deep lymph nodes. Swollen lymph nodes are characterized by painlessness, smooth surface, mostly pushable and tough texture. In the early stage, they are mobile, isolated or scattered, and in the late stage, they fuse with each other, adhere to the skin, are inactive, and may form ulcers. Superficial lymph nodes are more common in the neck, axilla and groin, and deep ones are more common in the mediastinum, abdomen and pelvis. 2. Compression symptoms caused by enlarged lymph nodes: Most patients have no obvious symptoms in the early stage, but as the tumor increases, it can compress the nearby trachea, esophagus and veins, causing cough, breathing difficulty and swallowing difficulty. If it develops rapidly, superior vena cava syndrome may occur. Systemic symptoms include generalized weakness, emaciation, loss of appetite, night sweating and irregular fever. Persistent fever, excessive sweating and weight loss may mark disease progression and poor prognosis. Progressive anemia and accelerated blood sedimentation are also important indicators to determine the development of lymphoma. Extra-nodal lesions can develop in any part of the body except lymphatic tissues, among which gastrointestinal lesions are the most common, with symptoms such as epigastric pain, vomiting, diarrhea and intestinal obstruction. In addition, liver and spleen invasion may lead to hepatosplenomegaly and jaundice; bone invasion may manifest as local pain and fracture; skin invasion may lead to pruritus and itchy rash; tonsil, mouth, nose and pharynx invasion may lead to clinical symptoms such as difficulty in swallowing, nasal congestion and epistaxis. Diagnosis of lymphoma The diagnosis of malignant lymphoma includes two aspects: first, to determine the type of lymphoma; second, to determine the site and extent of lesion involvement, i.e., clinical stage; diagnosis The most critical test for malignant lymphoma is to take enlarged lymph nodes or tumor tissues for pathomorphological examination. This test can determine whether it is a malignant lymphoma and whether it is Hodgkin’s disease or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. After establishing the diagnosis, the clinical data and the results of various examinations should be further used to clarify the site and extent of lesion involvement and estimate the clinical stage, so as to facilitate guidance of treatment and prognosis. Special treatment for lymphoma Lymphoma is a malignant tumor that is very sensitive to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is also a good treatment option for some patients.