Mandibular osteomyelitis does not necessarily require surgery, the need for surgical treatment should be decided according to the severity of the disease. In the early stage of acute mandibular osteomyelitis, antibiotics such as penicillin and ampicillin can be given to control the infection and supplement sufficient vitamins and high quality proteins, balanced diet and other systemic supportive therapies. If there is localized abscess formation, the pus can be drained through surgery such as drilling and drainage. Chronic mandibular osteomyelitis is difficult to be cured by antibiotics alone, and usually requires a combination of surgical treatment. Surgery is performed at the appropriate time to remove dead bone, scrape the lesion, and correct the wound. If the infected area of the mandible is extensive or if the infection cannot be controlled by dead bone removal and shaving of the lesions, the infected area of the jaw may be removed, and reconstruction of the mandible may be performed at the same time or postponed. Osteomyelitis of the mandible is mostly associated with the spread of odontogenic infections such as periodontitis, apical periodontitis, etc. It is recommended that the source of the disease be eliminated as early as possible to avoid progression of the disease and delay in treatment leading to exacerbation of the disease.