The incidence of urolithiasis has significant regional differences, and there are many regions in the world with a high incidence of urolithiasis, the incidence of which is much higher in southern China than in northern China. The incidence in Guangdong is as high as 3.6 per 1,000, which is rare. The development of urolithiasis is closely related to the nutritional status. In poor and backward countries, the food is mainly vegetable protein, and the lack of phosphate in the urine makes it easy for bladder stones to occur, especially in children, while calcium-containing kidney stones are common in adults in developed countries. There are many theories of urinary stone formation, such as the nucleation theory, the matrix theory, and the crystallization inhibitor theory, but no theory has been able to explain all the mechanisms of urinary stone formation. Urinary obstruction, foreign bodies and infections can promote urinary stone formation, and conversely, urinary stones can be the cause of obstruction and infection. Metabolic disorders such as hyperparathyroidism, gout, oxalic acid, and metabolic abnormalities such as cystine can also be the cause of urinary stone formation. Urinary stones are stones that occur in the urinary organs such as the kidney, ureter, and bladder. Since the incident of melamine, people have started to know about kidney stones. In fact, besides kidney stones, bladder stones and urethral stones are also common urological diseases. Since the urethra of women is shorter and wider, small stones can be easily discharged, so bladder and urethral stones mostly occur in men. There are no personality differences in kidney stones and ureteral stones. Urinary stones are characterized by sudden onset of severe lumbar pain, traction on the lesser abdomen, frequent urination, urgent urination, painful urination, cloudy urine, and even blood or gravel in the urine as the main clinical manifestations.