Urolithiasis is a common disease in urology, and the occurrence of urinary stones is closely related to gender, age, water quality, climate and geographical location. Urinary stones are mostly seen in middle-aged men, and those who work in high temperatures or in coastal cities are among the high incidence groups. Depending on the location, urinary stones can be divided into kidney stones, ureteral stones, bladder stones and urethral stones. According to the composition of stones, they can be divided into calcium oxalate stones, calcium phosphate stones, magnesium ammonium phosphate stones, magnesium hydrogen phosphate stones, uric acid stones, cystine stones, etc. Urinary stones are composed of matrix and crystal components, of which the main crystal component accounts for more than 90% and the matrix component only accounts for a small percentage. Stones can consist of only one component or multiple components at the same time. The formation of urinary tract stones has two main causes: urinary tract obstruction: clinically, the obstructive factors that can cause urinary tract stones include mechanical obstruction and non-mechanical obstruction. The former causes include: renal tubular dilatation, renal calyx stenosis, pelvic ureteral junction stenosis, poor kidney rotation, repeat pelvic ureteral malformation, ureteral stenosis, ureteral orifice bulge, etc. The latter causes are: neurogenic bladder, vesicoureteral reflux and congenital giant ureter. Urinary tract infections: bacterial infections causing pyelonephritis or cystitis can form urinary stones as they can break down urea to produce ammonia, which alkalizes the urine and helps to promote the precipitation of calcium phosphate, ammonium phosphate and magnesium salts. These stones are usually of infectious origin. In addition, abnormalities in the body’s metabolism can also cause the formation of urinary stones. Examples include cystinuria, hyperoxaluria, hypercalciuria, and hyperparathyroidism.