What are urinary stones? Stones that occur in the urinary system. Also called urolithiasis. They include stones in the kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra. There are many regions in the world with a high incidence of urinary stones, and the incidence is much higher in southern China than in the north. The prevalence in Dongguan, Guangdong is as high as 1.6 per 1,000, which is rare. The development of urolithiasis is closely related to the nutritional status. In poor and backward countries, the food is mainly vegetable protein, and the lack of phosphate in the urine makes it easy to develop bladder stones, especially in children, while calcium-containing kidney stones are common in adults in developed countries. There are many theories of urinary stone formation, such as the nucleation theory, the matrix theory, and the crystalline inhibitor theory, but no theory has been able to explain all the mechanisms of urinary stone formation. Urinary obstruction, foreign bodies and infections can promote urinary stone formation, and conversely, urinary stones can be the cause of obstruction and infection. Metabolic disorders such as hyperparathyroidism, gout, oxalic acid and cystine can also be the cause of urinary stone formation. How to prevent recurrence of urolithiasis? As with many diseases, prevention is also important in urolithiasis. Because the factors that cause stones are not resolved after treatment, stones may recur if preventive measures are not taken. According to statistics, the recurrence rate of calcium oxalate kidney stones is 10% in 1 year, 35% in 5 years and 50% in 10 years. Therefore, great attention should be paid to the prevention of urolithiasis. The main measures to prevent the recurrence of urolithiasis are: (1) According to the results of the analysis of the composition of urinary stones, the corresponding preventive measures should be formulated so that they can be targeted. Until the stone is expelled, the composition of the stone can be determined from the morphology of the stone on plain film. (2) For pediatric bladder stones, the main issue is to increase nutrition (dairy products). Here we particularly emphasize the importance of breastfeeding. (3) Drink plenty of water: drinking more water is the easiest and most effective way to prevent stones. Increasing the volume of urine by 50% can reduce the incidence of urinary stones by 86%. For patients with urolithiasis, it is important to keep the daily urine volume at 2000-3000 ml, and to drink water evenly. Especially 3 hours after meal is the peak of excretion, it is more important to keep enough urine volume. (4) Patients with urolithiasis should limit excess nutrition according to caloric needs, and animal protein intake should be moderate, keeping the daily intake of protein at 75-90 grams. Control the intake of refined table sugar. Avoid eating spinach and animal offal. (5) Magnetized water: has a certain anti-stone effect. (6) Treatment of diseases causing stone formation, such as: urinary tract obstruction, urinary tract infection, etc. (7) Drugs: You can take some drugs orally as appropriate, such as thiazides, allopurinol, orthophosphates, etc., according to the abnormal metabolism in the body. (8) Regular review.