The high incidence of urinary stones is between 20 and 40 years of age, with most starting in the twenties. There are significant individual differences in the onset of disease, and the incidence varies by race, sex, and age. There is a tendency for familial incidence. The incidence is significantly higher in men than in women, about 3:1 in men and women, and may be related to sex hormones. Low serum testosterone levels can protect women and children from developing oxalic acid stones. Genetics can influence the development of urinary stones, and a family history of the disease has been reported in 25% of patients with kidney stones. In a group of 37,999 healthy individuals followed, the incidence of kidney stones was three times greater in men with a family history of urinary stones than in those without a family history of urinary stones. The familial incidence of urinary stones may be related to the environment, and urinary calcium excretion is also increased in the spouses of patients with urinary stones, mainly related to diet. Hypocitraturia is the cause of urinary stones. The incidence of urinary stones has a distinct regional distribution, and there are many areas of the world with a high incidence of urinary stones, called “stone zones”, which at that time referred mainly to areas with a high incidence of bladder stones in malnourished children. There are also significant regional differences in the incidence of urinary stones in China, with the south being higher than the north. Food and nutrition have a huge impact on urinary stone formation. Sugar consumption is several to dozens of times higher in areas with a high incidence of urinary stones than in areas with a low incidence, and the risk of urinary stones is significantly higher in those who consume more sugar in the Dongguan area of Guangdong, China. Dry heat and lack of water are the causes of urinary stones. High temperature sweating and urine concentration increase the formation of urine crystals, especially uric acid and cystine stones. Therefore stones tend to develop in summer. Drinking more water can reduce the occurrence of urinary stones, while the quality of water has little effect on the occurrence of urinary stones. Urolithiasis is generally more common in office administrators than in manual laborers. However, we found that the incidence of stones in drivers, especially cab drivers, construction workers, and caterers is higher, mainly due to the low water consumption of these occupations.