The typical symptoms of air embolism are early loss of consciousness, which may sometimes be accompanied by convulsions, hemoptysis or bloody foamy sputum, suggesting that the lungs are also damaged. Most patients have a rapid onset, with sudden onset of irritability, extreme fear and dyspnea and cyanosis, severe chest pain as well as back pain, and depression in the precordial area, at which time the patient usually enters a state of severe shock very quickly. If the patient is examined at this point, a weak pulse, decreased blood pressure, dilated pupils and arrhythmia can be palpated, all of which are indicative of a more severe air embolism, but in general air embolism is related to the amount of air entering and small amounts of air may not be symptomatic. For an adult female of about 50 kg, 100 mL of air may be required to cause an air embolism or a fatal situation, and up to 10 mL is relatively safe and will not be symptomatic.