Neonatal pulmonary hyaline membrane disease, also known as neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, refers to progressive dyspnea, cyanosis, expiratory moaning, inspiratory trismus, and respiratory failure due to progressive pulmonary atelectasis shortly after birth. Pathologically characterized by eosinophilic hyaline membranes attached to the walls of the terminal fine bronchi to the alveoli, it is usually seen in preterm infants and is mainly due to alveolar surface active substance deficiency resulting in pulmonary atelectasis, so it is also called surface active substance deficiency syndrome, which is the most common cause of early respiratory failure and death in preterm infants. The diagnosis of pulmonary hyaline membrane disease is based on a combination of clinical manifestations and X-ray examinations. Increased unilateral lung translucency and markedly scattered and thin vascular textures can clearly diagnose pulmonary hyaline membrane disease. Its treatment is mainly oxygen therapy, active substance replacement therapy and supportive therapy. Oxygen therapy is the main treatment for pulmonary hyaline membrane disease, active substance replacement therapy can be done by endotracheal drip of lung surface active substance, and supportive therapy includes attention to warmth, maintenance of nutrition and water-electrolyte balance.