Runx1 is one of the genes necessary for normal hematopoiesis. runx1 mutations are closely associated with the development of acute myeloid leukemia, suggesting a poor prognosis. The runx1 gene is widely expressed in a variety of hematopoietic cell lines and plays a key role in hematopoietic differentiation. Mutations in the runx1 gene can be examined in some patients with acute myeloid leukemia. The runx1 gene is located at chromosome 21q22.3, and its minor regulation may have an impact on hematopoietic cell differentiation and apoptosis. Associated fusion proteins, point mutations, and overexpression have all been linked to leukemogenesis, so runx1 is considered one of the most important target genes in leukemia, and the presence of mutations in this gene is generally considered to indicate a poor prognosis. There are many causes of acute myeloid leukemia, and in addition to runx1 gene mutation, it is also closely related to chemical exposure and radiation exposure. Specific diagnosis and treatment should be made under the guidance of a physician.