Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) refers to a series of symptoms caused by the protrusion of the nucleus pulposus of the lumbar intervertebral disc and compression of its surrounding nerve tissue, and is a relatively common type of clinical back and leg pain, mainly due to the degenerative changes of various parts of the lumbar intervertebral disc (nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus and cartilage), especially the nucleus pulposus, to varying degrees. Under the action of external factors, the fibrous ring of the intervertebral disc ruptures and the nucleus pulposus protrudes (or prolapses) from the place of rupture in the posterior or vertebral canal, causing the adjacent tissues, such as spinal nerve roots and spinal cord, to suffer from stimulation or compression, resulting in lumbar pain, numbness and pain in one or both lower limbs, numbness and tingling in the perineum when the cauda equina is compressed, urinary and fecal dysfunction, urinary incontinence in women and impotence in men. In severe cases, a series of clinical symptoms such as loss of control of urination and defecation and incomplete paralysis of both lower limbs may occur, affecting the quality of life. In the past, the clinical treatment of LDH mainly relied on conservative treatment such as drugs and Chinese physiotherapy, which were ineffective in relieving the nerve compression by protrusions and often aggravated the protrusions by improper repositioning and massage, and patients had no choice but to take surgical treatment, which was costly, with a long recovery period and uncertain long-term effects due to the destruction of the original bony structure of the spinal canal. In recent years, minimally invasive techniques have developed greatly in the treatment of LDH, ranging from collagenase nucleolysis to percutaneous nucleus pulposus excision, percutaneous laser intradiscal decompression, radiofrequency thermal coagulation, ozone injection, plasma radiofrequency ablation, etc. However, each of these techniques has its limitations and cannot achieve ideal results for patients with complex LDH. Intervertebral foraminoscopy for lumbar disc herniation is a minimally invasive technique that has gradually developed and matured in the past 10 years, and is the ideal technique for minimally invasive treatment of lumbar disc herniation. The principle is that a foraminoscopic system equipped with lights, imaging and working channels is placed on the herniated disc site through the lateral or lateral posterior intervertebral foramen of the patient’s body, and under direct endoscopic vision, the herniated nucleus pulposus, compressed nerve The herniated nucleus pulposus, compressed nerve roots, dural sac and hyperplastic bone tissue are clearly visualized under direct endoscopic view. The nerve root canal can be enlarged by using various types of grasping forceps to remove the herniated nucleus pulposus, strangle part of the hyperplastic superior articular process, remove part of the thickened ligamentum flavum, and enlarge the narrow nerve root canal, thus directly relieving the nerve root compression. The intervertebral foramoscopy is a very important part of the treatment. Compared with other treatments, intervertebral foraminoscopy is the least traumatic (7.5mm working channel) and most effective minimally invasive procedure for lumbar disc herniation (90% of patients have immediate postoperative pain relief) of its kind. The chance of infection and postoperative bleeding is low, with only 1 stitch after surgery; it does not destroy the bony structure of the spine and has little impact on the integrity, stability and function of the spine (movement of the lumbar spine). The entire operation is completed within the intervertebral disc or intervertebral foramen, without entering the spinal canal, and there is no concern for complications such as tissue damage in the spinal canal, postoperative nerve root adhesions and postoperative scar formation, and it is targeted, visualized, refined and minimally invasive; the patient can usually get out of bed a few hours after the operation, and can resume normal life and work earlier than patients undergoing open surgery; the operation is performed under local anesthesia and conscious sedation, and the overall cost is low. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia and conscious sedation, and the overall cost is lower than that of traditional open surgery. The indications for intervertebral foraminoscopy for lumbar disc herniation are: various free (ruptured fibrous annulus) and non-free disc herniations, lower limb neuralgia caused by soft tissue adhesions in the intervertebral foramen and lumbar spinal stenosis caused by hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum or small joint hyperplasia.