Mild heterogeneous hyperplasia of the esophageal epithelium needs regular follow-up in the hospital, and if there is no progress, it can be continued, and if there is any progress, it will be treated accordingly. Mild ectodermal hyperplasia of esophageal epithelium belongs to one kind of precancerous lesions of esophageal cancer, and the natural evolution of esophageal cancer includes basal cell hyperplasia of esophageal epithelium, mild ectodermal hyperplasia, moderate ectodermal hyperplasia, severe ectodermal hyperplasia, and carcinoma in situ, and so on. Mild heterogeneous hyperplasia of esophageal epithelium may remain unchanged for a long time or be reversed to low-grade lesions such as basal cell hyperplasia or even return to normal epithelial morphology. The current clinical guidelines for esophageal cancer screening suggest that patients with mild ectodermal hyperplasia should be followed up once every 3 years, and if the results of the follow-up are as described above, then the patients can continue to be followed up regularly without special treatment. Mild ectodermal hyperplasia of the esophageal epithelium may progress to high-grade lesions, such as moderate or severe ectodermal hyperplasia or even carcinoma in situ, and if the above signs appear during the follow-up, appropriate treatment should be given in a timely manner. In addition to regular follow-up, patients with mild heterozygous hyperplasia of the esophageal epithelium should consult a doctor in time if they have any uncomfortable symptoms, so as to avoid delaying their condition.