Urinary stones (urolithiasis) are common and prevalent, more in men than in women, about 3:1. The mechanism of formation is unknown and there are various theories. Common stone components include calcium oxalate stones, calcium phosphate stones, uric acid stones, cystine stones, etc. Stones may form in various parts of the urinary system, including kidney stones, ureteral stones, bladder stones, and urethral stones, but stone formation is mainly in the kidneys and bladder. When patients with urinary stones develop, different stones exhibit different symptoms. Kidney stones may have no obvious clinical symptoms, and renal pelvic stones may cause dull pain in the upper abdomen or lower back when they are not very active. Patients with ureteral stones have severe pain, profuse sweating, nausea and vomiting, and may be accompanied by radiating pain in the abdomen and perineum. When stones are located at the end of the ureter, they may be accompanied by bladder irritation such as frequent and painful urination. If the stone is located at the end of the ureter, it may be accompanied by bladder irritation such as frequent and painful urination. Fever and frequent urination may occur when the stone is accompanied by infection, and anuria may result when the ureter is completely obstructed. Typical symptoms of bladder stones are sudden interruption of urination and radiating pain, which may be accompanied by difficulty in urination and painful urination. Urethral stones manifest as difficulty in urination, painful urination and even urinary retention. Urinary stones cause obstruction of ureter and urethra and secondary infection, etc. If treatment is delayed or improperly treated, they can damage kidney function causing uremia and can even be life-threatening. Different stones have different treatment modalities. For example, for stones in the upper part of the kidney or ureter less than 50px, extracorporeal lithotripsy can be used, which is less invasive and effective and does not affect work life. For stones in the middle or lower ureter, ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy is applied, which operates via urethra without incision, and the patient only carries a urinary catheter after surgery, and can get out of bed the next day, and can be discharged 3-4 days after surgery, with the advantages of minimally invasive, safe, effective, and short hospital stay. Larger kidney or ureteral stones can be removed by percutaneous nephrolithoscopy, also known as “hole-punching”, which involves entering the kidney directly from the back with a slim puncture needle and using a small hole of only 17.5px in diameter to break up and remove the stone with an internal lithotripter, with minimal trauma. Depending on the specific condition, intracavitary laser lithotripsy or open surgery can be used to remove stones from the bladder and urethra. The recurrence rate of urinary stones is high, and the recurrence of stones should be prevented or delayed. Pay attention to your metabolic balance and diet regulation, change the bad habits in your diet. Make a habit of eating breakfast, drinking more water, eating less high-calcium food and greasy food, and exercising more to maintain the stability of normal body function and metabolism.