The clinical manifestations vary greatly, depending on the etiology, composition, size, number, location, mobility, the presence of obstructive infection, and the degree of parenchymal pathological damage. In mild cases, there may be no symptoms at all, but in severe cases, anuria, renal failure, toxic shock and death may occur. When the stone is embedded in the junction of the renal pelvis and ureter or descends in the ureter, renal colic may occur, which is a sudden onset of paroxysmal knife-like pain, the pain is severe and unbearable, the patient tosses and turns, the pain radiates downward from the waist or lateral abdomen to the bladder area, vulva and inner thighs, sometimes with profuse sweating, nausea and vomiting. 3. Due to the heavy damage to the mucosa caused by the stone, there is often hematuria. Pain and hematuria are often induced when the patient is more active. When the stone is complicated by infection, pus cells appear in the urine and there are symptoms of frequent and painful urination. 4. When secondary to acute pyelonephritis or pus accumulation in the kidney, there may be systemic symptoms such as fever, chills and shivering. When bilateral upper urinary tract stones or kidney stones are completely obstructed, it may lead to anuria.