The history and culture of China is long and profound, and Chinese medicine is profound and profound, and anorectal diseases have been valued by medical doctors from ancient Chinese medical history. According to historical records, the treatment methods of traditional Chinese medicine for anorectal diseases have made important contributions to the development of modern medicine. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Chinese medical doctors introduced the names of “hemorrhoids” and “fistula”, which were later adopted by the world medicine and are still used today. In Zhuangzi (Zhuangzi – The Emperor’s Soldier), it is said, “The king of Qin summoned a doctor when he was ill, and the one who broke the carbuncle and ulcerated the acne was given a carriage, and the one who licked the hemorrhoid was given five carriages.” The name of hemorrhoids was proposed and later adopted by the medical profession. In Huainanzi, there is “Chicken head has fistula. ” proposed anal fistula. In the famous medical book “The Emperor’s Inner Classic” (240 B.C.), it is written that hemorrhoids are formed due to “thus full of food, the tendons and veins are unraveled, and intestinal fetishes become hemorrhoids”. Later on, in the “Difficult Book” written by the ancient famous doctor Bian Ji, there are also many records about the anatomy of the anus, such as “The anus is 12 taels in weight, 8 inches in size, 2 inches in diameter, 2 feet 2 inches in length, and receives one of the 9 liters and 3 eighths of grain”. In terms of medicine, 65 of the 365 medicinal flavors recorded in the Shennong Ben Cao Jing (220-250 AD) are effective for anal diseases, such as Sophora. The Nangjing first recorded intestinal polyposis, cancer of the intestines. The length, size, and travel of the colon and rectum were recorded in the Ling Shu Gastrointestinal Chapter. The first name of intestinal polyp disease was given in the chapter of Ling Shu – Water Organs. The first description of intestinal tumors was given in the chapter of Ling Shu – Prickly Joints and True Evil. The first record of hemorrhoid ligation and excision in the “Fifty-two Diseases Formula”. The Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing firstly contained the name of prolapse disease and proposed five hemorrhoid diseases. The “Treatise on Typhoid” Zhang Zhongjing first created anal suppositories and enemas, and the “Treatise on Typhoid Miscellaneous Diseases” invented anal suppositories honey decoction guide and enemas. Huangfu Qui in the “Acupuncture and Moxibustion A B Jing” recorded the method of acupuncture and moxibustion to treat prolapse, hemorrhoids, dysentery and other anal intestines. Chao Yuanfang’s “Treatise on the origin of various diseases” lists 40 kinds of dysentery, which is a more comprehensive account of intestinal diseases, and has a deeper understanding of some diseases. During the Han dynasty and before the Ming dynasty, the discipline of anorectal medicine was continuously enriched and developed. In his treatise on Typhoid Miscellaneous Diseases, Zhang Zhongjing (196-204 A.D.), a famous medical practitioner in the Eastern Han dynasty, documented the method of “honey decoction” and invented a small stick as thick and thin as a small thumb and about two inches long, which was made of refined honey and put into the anus after cooling. After cooling, it was put into the anus to treat constipation. This became the first suppository used in the world. In the Sui dynasty, the famous doctor Chao Yuanfang (610 AD) recorded the sports therapy for hemorrhoids in the Treatise on the Origin of Diseases: “One foot on the ground, one foot bending the knee, two hands holding the calf under the nose (under the knee), sharply pulling towards the body with extreme potential, changing from side to side for four or seven times to remove the hemorrhoids five labor”. The first record in the book of the Tang Dynasty, “the secret of the external platform”, “to boil salt in three liters of water, suitable for cold and warm, the lower part of the bamboo tube to irrigate, immediately pass also”, such a salt water enema method using bamboo tube as an enema. The Tang dynasty Wang Tao, a famous doctor of the Tang dynasty, wrote “the source of the disease prolapse, anal prolapse is also due to long dysentery, large intestine deficiency cold, dysentery and vomiting with gas, the gas down, the anal prolapse, because we prolapse also.” It means that the medical science at that time has recognized that the cause of rectal prolapse is related to the weakness of the body, the relaxation and weakness of the tissue around the rectum and the increase in intra-abdominal pressure, which is very consistent with the modern medical point of view. Song Dynasty By the Song Dynasty, the diagnosis and treatment of anal diseases in China was basically complete and there were specialized hemorrhoid doctors, according to the “Puji Fang” (1406 AD) it was recorded that during the Song Dynasty when Song Gaozong was suffering from hemorrhoids, someone in the dynasty recommended Cao Wu, a hemorrhoid specialist in Lin’an (modern Hangzhou). He cured Gao Zong of his hemorrhoids by using the Thousand Gold Pills Formula. The hemorrhoid cure is a kind of hemorrhoid treatment invented in the Song Dynasty, in which a powder is applied to the hemorrhoid nucleus to make the nucleus necrotic and fall off. Later on, the treatment of withered hemorrhoids was widely used. While in the same period of 1422, the British emperor in the western countries, however, died of anal disease due to the lack of effective treatment. Thus, it seems that the development of anorectal medicine in China at that time was far ahead of Western Europe. The treatment of withered hemorrhoids in the Song Dynasty began to spread abroad, and it is still used in Japan and Southeast Asia. Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, the discipline of anorectal medicine has been increasingly perfected, and the causes of anal diseases such as hemorrhoids have been elaborated in Chinese medicine, as documented in books such as “Surgical Zhengzong”, “Zhengzong Jinjian”, “Taiping Shenghui Fang”, “The Complete Book of Sores and Ulcers”, “Qixing Liangfang”, “Surgical Dacheng”, etc. They believe that there are occupational causes of hemorrhoids, and they also suggest that prolonged sitting, weight-bearing and long-distance travel, prolonged stool-holding, prolonged diarrhea and prolonged dysentery These views are consistent with the modern medical view that increased intra-abdominal pressure can lead to poor rectal venous blood return and congestion and dilatation of the rectal plexus, which appears to be more perfect compared to the Tang and Song dynasties. In the Ming dynasty, the first incisive and accurate description of anal fistula treatment was made in the Ming dynasty’s “Ancient and Modern Medical System” (1550 A.D.): “When the medicine line is put down, the intestinal muscles will be born, and the opening will be replenished, and the water will flow by the line. The sores and goose tubes all disappear.” This argument has lasted for more than 400 years and is still widely used in clinical treatment, successfully solving the problem of anal incontinence after surgery for high and complex anal fistulas, and this method still has a high scientific value. During the Qing Dynasty, the Ming and Qing dynasties had rich practical experience and deep attainments in the clinical research of anal and intestinal diseases. The use of anorectal mirrors, proctoscopes (bamboo), and medical devices such as medicinal threads in the examination of anorectal diseases was much earlier than in Western European countries, and furthermore, there was a better understanding of cancer in the anorectum, some comorbidities of hemorrhoids and congenital anal atresia, etc. The doctrine of anorectal diseases in the Ming and Qing dynasties reached its heyday of development, accumulating a rich and valuable heritage for us. Many of these theories still have a guiding role in theoretical discussions and clinical research in the field of anorectal and colorectal diseases. In the face of the extremely rich content of our country’s medical treasures, it will be a glorious and arduous task for our new generation of anorectal doctors to further summarize, develop and inherit this valuable heritage.