Non-gonococcal urethritis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasma, among others. There are clinical signs of urethritis, but no gonococcus can be detected in the discharge and no gonococcal growth in the bacterial culture. Female patients are often combined with inflammation of the reproductive tract such as cervicitis. The reason for this is that 30% to 50% of non-gonococcal urethritis is related to Chlamydia trachomatis, 20% to 30% is due to Mycoplasma solium infection, and 10% is caused by microorganisms such as Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans, Herpes simplex virus, Mycoplasma genitalium, adenovirus and Mycobacterium. It can be killed by heating at 56°C for 5-10 minutes, and commonly used disinfectants such as formalin, Lysol, and carbolic acid are also very easy to kill. Clinical manifestations 1. The typical manifestations include stinging urethra, accompanied by urinary urgency, painful urination and difficulty in urination, but the symptoms are lighter than those of gonococcal urethritis. 2, in a longer period of time without urination or early in the morning before the first urination, a small amount of mucus discharge can come out of the fecal orifice, sometimes only as a scab membrane seal or trouser stall filth. A considerable number of people may not have any symptoms. 3. Epididymitis can occur in male patients. Female patients are not as typical as males, and many patients can be asymptomatic. Urethritis, mucopurulent cervicitis, acute pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility can generally occur. Examination 1, direct immunofluorescence method will be specific chlamydia monoclonal antibody labeled with fluorescein to detect chlamydia antigen in the specimen, if the specimen has chlamydia, then and antibody binding, visible under the fluoroscope apple green fluorescence, a smear in the number of chlamydia in more than 10 is positive, specificity > 97%, sensitivity of 70% to 92%. 2, enzyme-linked immunoassay The detection of chlamydial antigens in the genitourinary tract by spectrophotometry, found that the color change is positive, 24 hours to obtain results, sensitivity of 60% to 90%, specificity of 92% to 97%. 3, Chlamydia trachomatis culture Chlamydia trachomatis is a specialized intracellular parasite that can only grow and multiply in living cells. The cells commonly used for Chlamydia culture are McCoy cells and Hela229 cells, with a specificity of 99% to 100% and a sensitivity of 68.4% to 100%, which is currently the gold standard for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia trachomatis is a microorganism parasitic in the columnar epithelial cells, the appropriate culture specimen is to apply a swab from the urethra within 2 to 4 mm from the urethral orifice, rather than taking the urethral secretions or urine for culture. 4, Mycoplasma solani culture Using the principle that Mycoplasma solani can decompose arginine to produce ammonia and ferment glucose to produce acid, respectively, the broth medium containing arginine becomes alkaline, the color of the indicator changes from yellow to red, and the glucose broth medium changes from pink to yellow, this method is simple, objective, inexpensive, and has been widely used in clinical practice. 5.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ligase reaction (LCR) Sensitivity and specificity are better than other methods, but care should be taken to prevent false positives caused by contamination. Diagnosis Since some patients with non-gonococcal urethritis can be asymptomatic, with slow onset and atypical symptoms, they are easily misdiagnosed or missed at the time of initial diagnosis. Neutrophils, while no gram-negative bacilli, suspicious diagnosis of non-gonococcal urethritis; ③ immunofluorescence or enzyme immunoassay for Chlamydia trachomatis or culture method for Mycoplasma solium, positive can be diagnosed. Treatment Commonly used drugs: doxycycline, azithromycin, memantine, fluazinic acid, erythromycin.