1.Normal heart rate: 75 beats per minute
In a healthy adult, the average heart rate is 75 beats per minute in a quiet state. The normal range is 60-100 beats per minute. Adults with a heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute in quiet are considered tachycardic; those with a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute are considered bradycardic. Heart rate can vary according to age, gender and other factors, for example, for every 1℃ increase in body temperature, heart rate can be accelerated by 12-20 beats per minute, female heart rate is slightly faster than male heart rate, athletes’ heart rate is slower and can be lower than 60 beats per minute, etc.
2, normal body temperature: 36, 3 ℃ -37, 2 ℃ (oral measurement method)
Clinically, the oral temperature, rectal temperature and axillary temperature are usually used to represent body temperature. Mouth measurement method (under the tongue for 5 minutes) the normal value of 36, 3 ℃ -37, 2 ℃; axillary measurement method (axillary clamping for 5 minutes) for 36 ℃ -37 ℃; anal measurement method (table head coated with lubricant, inserted into the anus for 5 minutes) for 36, 5 ℃ -37, 7 ℃. In a day and night, the human body temperature fluctuates periodically, generally 2-6 in the morning the lowest, 13-18 in the afternoon the highest, but the fluctuation is generally not more than 1 ℃. As long as the body temperature does not exceed 37,3℃, it is considered normal.
3.Hemoglobin (HbB): Adult male (120-160g/L), adult female (110-150g/L)
Clinically, hemoglobin value is used as the basis for determining anemia. A normal adult hemoglobin value of 90-110 g/l is considered mild anemia; 60-90 g/l is considered moderate anemia; 30-60 g/l is considered severe anemia.
Once anemia is detected, you should go to the hospital and seek medical advice to clarify the cause (primary or secondary) and type (iron deficiency or megaloblastic) of anemia, and then carry out targeted treatment.
4.White blood cell count (WBC): 4-10*(10 to the ninth power) per liter
A white blood cell count greater than 10*(9 times 10) per liter is called leukocytosis, and less than 4*(9 times 10) per liter is called leukopenia. In general, leukocytes may be elevated in acute bacterial infections or inflammation; they are decreased in viral infections. Colds and fever can be caused by viral infections or bacterial infections. To clarify the cause and guide the clinical use of medication, your doctor will usually ask you to check a routine blood count.
5. Platelet count (PLT): 100-300*(10 to the 9th power) per liter
Platelets have the function of maintaining the integrity of blood vessel walls. When the platelet count decreases below 50*(10 to the ninth power) per liter, especially as low as 30*(10 to the ninth power) per liter, it may lead to bleeding and petechiae may appear on the skin. If the platelets are not low, there is no need to be overly nervous, because in addition to platelet factors, blood vessel wall factors, coagulation factors, and some physiological factors can lead to the occurrence of “bruises”, so you can go to the hematology department for consultation to clarify the cause.
6.Urine volume: 1000-2000ml/24 hours
A 24-hour urine volume >2500ml is considered polyuria. Physiological polyuria can be seen after drinking too much water or applying diuretics. Pathological polyuria is seen in diabetes mellitus, urolithiasis, renal tubular disease, etc.
A 24-hour urine output <400 ml is called oliguria, which is usually due to dehydration and renal insufficiency after drinking too little water.
Urine volume <100ml in 24 hours is anuria, which is mostly seen in serious diseases such as renal failure and shock.
If you feel that your urine volume has increased significantly recently and you are especially prone to thirst, you should go to the hospital to check and rule out whether you have diabetes or renal tubular disease If you find that you have recently drunk a lot of water, but the urine volume is low and your body is a bit swollen, you should check in time to rule out kidney disorders.
7, 24-hour urine volume night urine volume: 500 ml
Nocturnal urine refers to the total urine volume from 8 pm to 8 am the next day, which is usually 500 ml and 2-3 times of urination. If the amount of nocturnal urine exceeds the amount of urine during the day and the number of urination is significantly increased, it becomes nocturnal enuresis. Physiological nocturia is related to excessive drinking before bedtime; pathological nocturia is often a sign of impaired renal concentration function and an early sign of renal hypofunction. In addition to renal hypofunction, increased nocturnal urination may also be caused by prostate enlargement in men, uterine prolapse in elderly women, urinary tract infection, diabetes, mental stress and other reasons.
8, urine red blood cell count (RBC) normal value: 0-3 / high magnification field
Urine red blood cells > 3 / high magnification field, called microscopic hematuria.
Urine red blood cells > 10 / high magnification field, called sarcoid hematuria.
The public medical reminder: if the urine red blood cell count exceeds 3, it often indicates kidney lesions or urinary system infections, and women should immediately seek medical attention. Women should avoid routine urine tests during menstruation to avoid mixing menstrual blood into the urine and affecting the test results.
9, urine white blood cell count (WBC) normal value: <5 / high magnification field
If the urine white blood cell count is >5/high magnification field, it is called microscopic pus urine. If there are a large number of white blood cells in the urine, it is mostly urinary tract infection, such as pyelonephritis, renal tuberculosis, cystitis or urethral infection. Mostly urinary tract infections.
10. Sperm survival time: 72 hours. Egg survival time: 24 hours.
The safety period contraception encounter safety period is not safe trouble, in addition to the wrong ovulation, there is a factor that should not be ignored is: because the sperm in the female body can survive as long as 3 days, so even if the day is not the day of ovulation, as long as in the fertile period (4 days before ovulation to 2 days after ovulation), women are still likely to conceive.
11. The two major blood group systems: ABO and Rh
The ABO blood group system divides blood into four types: A, B, AB and O. The Rh blood group system divides blood into two types: Rh-positive and Rh-negative. Among Caucasians, 85% are Rh-positive blood types and 15% are Rh-negative blood types. In China, 99% of people are Rh-positive blood types, and Rh-negative is a rare blood type.
A-A: A, O; A-B: A, B, O, AB; A-AB: A, B, AB; A-O: A, O
B-B: B, O; B-AB: A, B, AB; B-O: B, O; O-AB: A, B
O-O: O; AB-AB: A, B, AB If one of the two parties is AB, the baby cannot be O. If both sides are O, the baby can only be O.
12, body mass index (BMI) = weight (kg) / height (m) squared: 18, 5-23, 9 is normal
If the body mass index exceeds 24, it means that it has been fat, need to lose weight. Remember: obesity is the source of all diseases, if you let it, diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease will come to you.
13, the body mass index of the best weight loss rate: 1-2 kg of weight loss per month
People who are overweight should gradually reduce their weight under the guidance of a doctor. Weight loss too fast, too hard will lead to weight rebound, anorexia, anemia, malnutrition, menstrual disorders, hair loss, memory loss, osteoporosis and other adverse reactions.
14, waist circumference: men ≥ 90 cm, women ≥ 80 cm for abdominal obesity
Waist circumference is to determine the accumulation of abdominal fat, several abdominal obesity (also known as “apple-type obesity”) indicators. Abdominal obesity is currently considered an important risk factor for coronary heart disease and metabolic syndrome. If the body mass index has not yet reached the degree of obesity, but the waist circumference has exceeded the standard, that you belong to the abdominal obesity. Abdominal obesity is more dangerous than the whole body obese people, more vulnerable to coronary heart disease, diabetes “favor”.
15, obesity signal: a month to gain 1, 5 kg
In the weight just began to “grow” when the timely discovery, and take weight loss measures, often can receive significant results. The following situation, often suggest that there is a trend of weight gain: a little exercise will be out of breath, tiredness and weakness, moving and sweating, appearing lower back, hip and knee pain.
16. Blood pressure value.
Above this range it may be hypertension or critical hypertension, below this range it may be hypotension.
Hypertension is diagnosed when blood pressure is measured in a quiet unmedicated anti-hypertensive setting and a systolic pressure of 140 mm Hg and/or a diastolic pressure of 90 mm Hg is found at least three times. A systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg but a diastolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg is called pure systolic hypertension.
However, the latest hypertension criteria for people with systolic blood pressure between 120 and 139 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure between 80 and 89 mm Hg, have been considered a high risk group for the possible development of hypertension.
Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Patients with hypertension should apply antihypertensive drugs to control their blood pressure in the normal range under the guidance of a doctor, and those with diabetes and kidney disease should preferably control their blood pressure below 130/80 mmHg.
17.Diabetes diagnosis criteria: fasting blood sugar >7,0 mmol/L, and/or 2 hours after meal blood sugar >11,1 mmol/L
If you meet the above criteria, you are already a diabetic, and you should carry out glucose-lowering treatment under the guidance of your doctor, and don’t refuse to treat diabetes because you “don’t feel anything”. If blood sugar is not properly controlled, all organs of the body will be affected.
18.Diabetes exclusion criteria: fasting blood sugar >6,1 mmol/L, and/or 2 hours after meal blood sugar >7,8 mmol/L
19.Diabetes prediabetes diagnosis criteria: 6, 1 mmol/L 11, 1 mmol/L
If the blood glucose value is higher than normal, but has not yet reached the diagnostic standard of diabetes, it means that it is in pre-diabetes, and will soon develop into diabetes if it is not vigilant and does not actively intervene.
20.Diabetes warning signal: fasting blood glucose >5, 6 mmol/l
When fasting blood sugar exceeds this standard, the incidence of diabetes will increase significantly, and the incidence of cardiovascular time such as ischemic heart disease and diabetic retinopathy will increase significantly.
Those with fasting blood glucose >5 or 6 mmol/L should go to the hospital as soon as possible for a glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to determine whether there is an elevated postprandial blood glucose because in the early stage of diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose can be completely normal.
21.Glycated hemoglobin normal value ≤6,5%
Glycated hemoglobin is the product of combining hemoglobin and glucose in red blood cells, which can reflect the blood sugar level of three months before blood collection, and is the most effective and reliable indicator to reflect good or bad blood sugar control. Diabetic patients should take glycosylated hemoglobin ≤7,0% as one of the standards for treatment, while elderly people can slightly relax the standard (7,0%-7,5%) and middle-aged and young people should control glycosylated hemoglobin at ≤6,5% or lower. For every 1% decrease in glycated hemoglobin, diabetes-related complications can be reduced by 20%.
22, the highest bone density period: 30-40 years old
The period of highest bone density (peak bone density) in each person’s life generally occurs at the age of 30-40 years, and the peak bone density is affected by factors such as nutrition, development and genetics after birth. Peak bone mass generally begins to decline from age 40 for men and 35 for women, with the fastest bone loss occurring within 5 years of menopause for women and after age 70 for men. People with high peak bone mass have high calcium content in their bones, and osteoporosis occurs to a lesser extent and later in old age. Therefore, people before the age of 40 should seize the opportunity to ensure adequate daily nutrition and calcium intake, and actively participate in physical exercise in an effort to improve their peak bone mass.
23, 25 grams of oil per person per day is appropriate
It is best to use vegetable oil when cooking, thinking that vegetable oil contains more unsaturated fatty acids that are good for the heart. As the heat of oil is relatively high, so the amount should not be too much, otherwise excess calories will also be converted into body fat, so that people become fat.
24, the daily amount of salt should not exceed 6 grams
Salt is an important risk factor for hypertension, people with heavy tastes should pay special attention. The daily amount of salt should also include the amount of salt in soy sauce, pickles, salted eggs, etc.
25, eat vegetables 400-500 grams a day
More than half of the daily practical vegetables should be colored vegetables, such as green leafy vegetables, red and yellow vegetables. Vegetables are rich in vitamins, minerals, fiber, and very low calories.
26, daily intake of calcium: 600-800 mg for healthy adults
Calcium supply recommended by the Chinese Nutrition Society: 600-800 mg/day for adults, 1200 mg/day for pregnant women and 2000 mg/day for lactating mothers. Milk and dairy products are rich in calcium and have a high absorption rate. Among aquatic products, shrimp skin, kelp, and soybean products contain more calcium. To promote the absorption of calcium, vitamin D should be appropriately supplemented and more sunshine.
27. Drink more than 1500 ml of water per day
Drinking water includes the total water content of the daily intake of tea, soup, fruit and other foods. The way of drinking water is very delicate, the mouth is not thirsty to drink water, do not drink a lot of water at once, should drink plain water or clear tea, do not use sugary drinks instead of water, etc.
28, the best time to recover from stroke: 3 days after cerebral infarction, 5-7 days after cerebral hemorrhage
So far, there is no drug at home and abroad that has decisive rehabilitation effect on hemiplegia, only rehabilitation training is an effective method to improve the functional impairment of stroke patients. For stroke patients with hemiplegia, rehabilitation is far more effective than medication, and the earlier and more scientific rehabilitation is carried out, the better the chance of recovery.
29.Glutamyl transaminase (GPT or ALT) normal value <40 units/liter
Elevated GPT mostly indicates liver damage, such as acute and chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, drug-related hepatitis, cirrhosis, etc., and should be promptly seen by a hospital.
30.AFP <25 micrograms/liter (also refer to the normal reference value on the laboratory test)
AFP is a glycoprotein synthesized by the liver in early fetal life. After birth, the synthesis of AFP is soon inhibited and when malignant changes occur in liver cells, the AFP content in blood increases significantly.
When AFP is elevated, especially when it is slightly higher than normal, it does not necessarily mean that you are suffering from malignant tumor.
31.Time window for thrombolysis in stroke: 3 hours after the onset of stroke
If intravenous thrombolytic therapy is given within 3 hours after the onset of cerebral infarction, the blocked blood vessels can be unblocked to the maximum extent to save the dying brain cells and effectively reduce the occurrence of complications and sequelae.
If an elderly person suddenly shows signs of stroke (such as inflexibility of one side of the arms and legs, numbness, aphasia, blurred vision, etc.), don’t be careless and go to the hospital immediately to buy time for treatment.
32, 18-45 years old, myopia myopia <1200 degrees: can do excimer laser myopia surgery
Age below 18 years old; myopia is unstable and still has a tendency to deepen year by year in recent years; myopia >1200 degrees; active eye lesions (such as inflammation, glaucoma, dry eye, etc.); central corneal thickness <450 microns; other serious eye diseases (such as cone cornea, etc.); autoimmune diseases, scar body and severe diabetes, etc., can not do excimer laser myopia surgery.
33.B ultrasound examination: above 40 years old, once a year
Ultrasound examination has the advantages of non-invasive, non-radiation, convenient and accurate, which can not only find stones, cysts, fatty liver and other common diseases, but also early detection of certain tumors. Limited by the powerless nature of ultrasound, ultrasound examination is more suitable for solid organs, such as liver, spleen and kidney, and generally not suitable for gas-containing organs (such as intestines and stomach) and skeletal system.
34, mammography: women over 40 years old, once a year
Mammography has a high diagnostic value for breast diseases, especially for early breast cancer, and is clinically used as the preferred diagnostic imaging method in addition to physical examination. For those who have family history and other high-risk factors, they should receive mammography once from the age of 35 and increase the number of examinations after the age of 40 according to the doctor’s opinion.
Young women under 35 years old have dense breast tissue and mammography is not easy to detect lesions, so ultrasonography is recommended as a means of early diagnosis of breast cancer.
35.Bone density test: women over 45 years old, men over 55 years old: measured once a year
The prevalence of osteoporosis in people over 60 years old in China is 30%-35% for women and 10%-20% for men. The harm of osteoporosis to human health is multifaceted, such as causing back pain, short stature, hunchback and fracture.
At present, the best bone density testing equipment is dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, commonly known as bone densitometer. Bone densitometer can measure the bone volume of the lumbar spine, proximal femur or the whole body bones, which can accurately reflect the bone loss. Everyone should keep the annual measurement data properly and compare it with their first measured bone density value (initial data) in order to grasp their annual bone loss. Once the bone density value reaches the standard of osteoporosis, it is necessary to carry out regular medication under the guidance of a doctor to maximize bone density and prevent fractures from occurring.
36. Calculation of due date: The month of the last menstrual date plus 9 or minus 3 is the number of months of the due date; the number of days plus 7 is the number of days of the due date.
Since the length of each woman’s menstrual cycle varies, the calculated due date and delivery date may have an error of 1-2 weeks.
37.Prenatal checkup: 9 times is the best
In addition to one checkup in early pregnancy to confirm pregnancy, about 9 prenatal checkups are needed from mid-pregnancy to full-term pregnancy. Generally, from 20 weeks to 36 weeks of pregnancy, the checkup will be conducted once every 4 weeks; after 36 weeks of pregnancy, the checkup will be conducted once a week. 9 checkups will be conducted at 20 weeks, 24 weeks, 28 weeks, 32 weeks, 36 weeks, 37 weeks, 38 weeks, 39 weeks and 40 weeks respectively. Regular prenatal checkups are generally 9 times, but for pregnant women with certain high-risk factors, it may be necessary to increase or decrease the number of checkups and items at any time.
38.Weight gain during pregnancy should not exceed 15 kg
Women with normal pre-pregnancy weight can increase their weight by 11,25-15 kg during pregnancy. Women with low pre-pregnancy weight can increase their weight by 2,6-18 kg during pregnancy. Women with heavy pre-pregnancy weight should have a controlled weight gain of 6,75-11,25 kg during pregnancy. Weight gain during pregnancy can affect the growth rate and weight of the fetus. Too much and too fast weight dirty home during pregnancy will not only increase the incidence of huge babies, but also increase the difficulty of losing weight after delivery. Conversely, if the weight gain is too little, it will affect the normal growth and development of the fetus.
39, pregnant women with drugs: 5-10 weeks of menopause with the most dangerous drugs
In the first 2 weeks of conception, the fertilized egg may have two outcomes if it receives drugs: one is a natural abortion; the other is the fertilized egg repairing itself from damage and continuing to develop into a normal fetus. Therefore, if a pregnant woman accidentally takes medication during this period, she can take a wait-and-see attitude and let nature take its course. However, 3-8 weeks after conception (i.e., 5-10 weeks after menopause) is a critical stage in the differentiation and development of embryonic organs, which may be teratogenic if exposed to harmful drugs. As most of the drugs affect the fetus are concentrated in the early stage of pregnancy, and at this time a considerable number of pregnant women do not know that they are pregnant, in order to ensure safety, mothers-to-be should start to consider the safety of medication in the preparation stage of pregnancy.
40.Full-term delivery: from 37 weeks to less than 42 weeks of gestation
Preterm delivery: those who give birth between 28 weeks and less than 37 weeks of pregnancy. Preterm delivery: delivery at 42 weeks of gestation or more The birth at 38 weeks of gestation, although not reached the expected date of delivery (40 weeks of pregnancy), is also considered a full-term birth.
41.Newborn weight: normal is 2500-4000 grams
The birth weight of 4000 grams is called a huge baby. Huge babies will not only increase the rate of obstructed labor, cesarean section rate, and too much weight gain during pregnancy, will be pregnant women feel uncomfortable, pregnancy complication rate increased, and to lose these extra weight after delivery is also very difficult. Low weight babies mainly include premature babies and small children. These children have many complications due to “congenital deficiencies” and have a high perinatal mortality rate. In order to eliminate this phenomenon of “one big and one small”, regular maternity checkups, timely detection of problems and timely intervention are very important.
42.Newborn length: about 50 cm at full term
The first year after birth, children’s height growth is the fastest, about 25 cm. 1 year after the growth rate slows down, about 10 cm. 2 years after the growth is even slower, an average of 5 cm per year. 2-3 years old children’s height formula: height = age * 6 + 77 cm. If a 2-year-old child’s height barely increases in a year, he or she should be alerted and taken to the hospital as soon as possible to rule out problems such as insufficient growth hormone secretion and low thyroid function.
43.Emergence of milk teeth: At 6 months, the first milk tooth erupts
Teething in children is generally 6-7 months, but can be earlier than 4 months and no later than 10 months. A child who is 11 months old and has not teething, or a child who is more than 2.5 years old and has not teething, is abnormal and the cause should be identified. Children with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, rickets and malnutrition have late teething.
44.The best treatment period of “Diastema”: 4 years old
The principle of correcting “Diastemas” is to eliminate the cause of the disease, early orthodontic treatment to prevent malformation. Foreign orthodontists advocate starting treatment for “ingrown teeth” from the age of 4 and continuing until the age of 18. The “envelope” during the period of milk teeth is very harmful, not only will prevent the normal growth and development of the oral cavity, face and jaws of children, but also on the chewing, pronunciation, social and even psychological effects of children, should be treated as early as possible.
45, precocious sexual maturity: girls began to develop breasts before the age of 8 weeks or menstruation before the age of 10 weeks, boys before the age of 9 weeks, the penis, testicular enlargement
In addition to organic lesions (intracranial tumors) caused by precocious puberty need to be treated for the original disease, the biggest danger of precocious puberty to children is the lack of height, because the early secretion of sex hormones will make the bones close early. In addition, from the social point of view, precocious children will bring ventral psychological impact on children. The reason for the increasing number of children with precocious puberty is over nutrition and blind supplementation. The actual fact is that you can find a lot of people who are not able to get a good deal on a lot of things.
46, amblyopia: corrected visual acuity ≤ 0, 8
The first thing you need to do is to take a look at the website. Patients with amblyopia do not have perfect stereo visual function and cannot perform fine work. The outcome of amblyopia is closely related to age. It is generally believed that the best period for treatment is from 4 to 6 years old, and after 12 years old, the efficacy gradually decreases, and basically no cure is possible in adulthood. Since the appearance of both eyes of amblyopic children is no different from that of normal children, it is difficult to detect abnormalities by observation alone. Therefore, it is recommended that children over 4 years of age should have their vision checked regularly at hospitals for early detection of amblyopia.
47.Pediatric cryptorchidism: surgery at the latest no later than 4 years old
Cryptorchidism is a common congenital abnormality of the testicles, in which one or both testicles do not descend normally into the scrotum. Cryptorchidism should be treated at an early stage; for cryptorchidism within 1 year old, patient observation should be made and wait for its natural descent; for cryptorchidism after 1 year old, medical treatment should be carried out first, and if the treatment is not effective, surgical treatment can be performed. Most experts believe that it is best to do cryptorchidism surgery 1-2 years after birth, and the latest should not be more than 4 weeks old.
48.Coronary artery stenosis >70%, need to do interventional treatment
In addition, some special cases, such as coronary artery stenosis is not enough for intervention, but imaging shows that the lesion is unstable and prone to thrombosis, should also be treated with intervention as early as possible.
Patients with two or more coronary artery stenoses >50%, or those who have received coronary angioplasty treatment and have stents installed in the coronary arteries should undergo bypass surgery if angina occurs again.
49. Hearing loss of about 60 decibels is best with hearing aids
Generally speaking, unilateral deafness or mild deafness does not require hearing aids; for those with hearing loss of 35 to 85 decibels, hearing aids are recommended; for those with hearing loss >85 decibels, hearing aids can increase the volume but have no practical value because the patient’s speech recognition rate is very low.
Elderly people with hearing loss should go to the hospital for a hearing examination and let the doctor decide whether they need optional hearing aids
50. 30 nuclear examinations = 1 x-ray chest film
The radionuclide test, which is often used to check the heart, thyroid, lungs, digestive tract and other diseases, is a technique of peaceful use of atomic energy, with a certain degree of radioactivity, and many patients are therefore quite concerned about the test.