The main clinical manifestation of tardive dyskinesia is rhythmic repetitive involuntary movements. What are the causes of rhythmic repetitive involuntary movements? Rhythmic repetitive involuntary movements are most often caused by long-term (more than 1 year) high doses of dopaminergic receptors blocking or binding antipsychotics, especially phenothiazines such as chlorpromazine, endorphin, butylphenols such as haloperidol, etc., which can cause TD. Certain dopamine drugs such as levodopa, methyldopa, parkine, and tranquilizers can also cause involuntary movements similar to rhythmic stereotyped repetitions. Occasionally in patients taking long-term antidepressants, anti-PD drugs, antiepileptics and antihistamines, the reduction or discontinuation of medication is prone to occur. It occurs most often in the elderly, especially in women, and is not easily recovered, more in women than in men. It is especially common in older people with organic brain lesions and tends to be more symptomatic and slower to recover, as well as in people with affective disorders. It can be caused by various antipsychotics, but it is more common with antipsychotics containing fluorine such as fluphenazine, trifluoperazine and haloperidol, and most of them have been taking antipsychotics for more than 1~2 years, with the shortest time of appearance being 3 months and the longest being 13 years. Patients with brain lesions are prone to the use of antipsychotics, and patients with negative symptomatic schizophrenia have an early age of onset and high incidence of TD. Drug dose and duration of treatment are associated with the occurrence of TD, mostly in patients with Parkinson’s syndrome occurring early in treatment. Delayed dyskinesia: also known as delayed hyperactivity disorder, persistent dyskinesia, induced by antipsychotic drugs, is a persistent stereotyped repetitive involuntary movements. The incidence is about 50% with long-acting antipsychotic drugs. Clinical manifestations include abnormal involuntary slow irregular movements of the tongue, lips, mouth and trunk, or choreographic tardive dyskinesia-like movements, with perioral dyskinesia being the most common, including tongue turning and tongue extension movements, jaw chewing movements and pouting. The most common antipsychotic drugs causing tardive dyskinesia are phenothiazines and butyrophenones. Movement disorders: also known as extrapyramidal diseases, are mainly characterized by dysfunctional random motor regulation, but muscle strength, sensory and cerebellar functions are not affected. This group of diseases originates from the dysfunction of the nucleus basalis and is usually divided into two categories: hypertonia – reduced movement and hypotonia – excessive movement, the former characterized by a lack of movement and the latter mainly showing abnormal involuntary movements.