Sometimes when you have anal discomfort or something coming out after a bowel movement, you think it’s a hemorrhoid attack and visit the anorectal clinic, where the doctor does a good anal finger exam and may say there is a polyp and suggest you have surgery. Polyps are familiar to patients, and this is definitely something that needs to be addressed urgently. Many times what comes out of this anal finger exam is an anal papillomatous hyperplasia, or hypertrophic anal papilla, or an anal papilloma, and it is not too much to call it a polyp, because a polyp is a broad concept that refers to an extra part of any part of the body. Anal papillae are originally normal tissues of the body, located in the anal canal about 2.5 cm from the dentate line, triangular or cone-shaped, like the size of a grain of rice. After infection, trauma or bad stimulation of the anal canal, the fibrous connective tissue at the lower end of the rectal column at the end of the dentate line will increase, with different shapes, some as long as a needle, some as thick as a grape, most like a column or a papilla, with a large top and thin tip, smooth, milky white surface, and not easy to bleed. In the acute stage, it is accompanied by severe anal pain and anal swelling. Anal papilloma is easily confused with rectal polyp, which is similar in shape and has a small tip, but rectal polyp is born in the rectal area above the dentate line, covered by rectal mucosa, bright red, soft, and bleeds easily when touched. The anal papilloma is a hyperplasia of the epithelial tissue of the anal canal, which is fibrous and does not bleed easily. Even if there is blood in the stool during an attack, it is basically due to the anal papilla being incorporated back into the anus and rubbing the skin of the anal canal. However, the hyperplasia of the anal papilla can also develop above the dentate line, and there will be mucosal components, and the pathology can also be diagnosed as rectal polyps. It should not be preserved, nor is it suitable for long-term conservative treatment, but should be treated promptly because it has a certain degree of cancerous tendency. It has been reported that if the hypertrophic anal papilla has a pompom-like appearance, it is more likely to become cancerous, and if the papilla becomes hypertrophic in the direction of the anus, the cancer will be squamous cell carcinoma, and if it is involved above the dentate line, it will be adenocarcinoma. In the past, it was thought that the anal papilla had no therapeutic significance, but current research shows that the enlarged anal papilla has no preservation value and should be surgically removed. In addition, the anal papillae are located at the lower end of the rectum and there are two to six of them around the anal canal in a week. Moreover, some individual factors determine that some people are prone to this disease, for example, the ectodermal and subcutaneous tissues below the anal column have a tendency to proliferate in some people, and anal papillae hyperplasia may occur repeatedly. Therefore, it is important to promote to patients to avoid spicy and irritating foods, keep stools soft and clear, and actively treat inflammatory anal diseases.