Heart valve disease is a common disease all over the world, and the causes of heart valve failure include rheumatic cardiomyopathy, coronary arteriosclerotic heart disease, congenital heart disease, infection and trauma. According to analysis, cardiovascular disease has taken the first place among the causes of death in our population. The prevalence of rheumatic heart valve disease in adults in China is 2.34‰-2.72‰, and the adult rheumatic heart valve disease patients are about 1.5 million according to the estimation of 1 billion population. Patients who may need to perform artificial heart valve replacement surgery due to severe valve lesions, about 200,000 cases, most of these patients are young adults, if they cannot have timely surgery for valve replacement, it will cause incalculable loss to the society. The indications for prosthetic heart valve replacement surgery are based on the degree of damage to the patient’s heart valve. Patients with severe valve lesions that are not amenable to shaping surgery should strive for valve replacement surgery as long as their general condition allows, and there is no absolute limit to the age of the patient. Some common lesions are briefly described as follows: 1, mitral stenosis: If the valve leaflets are active and only the junctional adhesions or mild subvalvular damage are present, closed dilatation or direct visualization shaping can be pursued. If the valve is calcified or has funnel-like changes, valve replacement surgery is required; 2, mitral valve insufficiency: mitral valve annulus enlargement or junctional confinement of leaflet coiling can be pursued with direct vision angioplasty. If the valve leaflet perforation, tendon rupture, etc., is difficult to correct completely or if the procedure fails, mitral valve replacement surgery is appropriate. Mitral stenosis combined with mitral valve insufficiency, most of which require valve replacement; 3, tricuspid valve damage: usually tricuspid valve does not do valve replacement surgery. Only when the lesion is severe, valve replacement surgery is performed; 4, aortic stenosis: congenital aortic stenosis can often be implemented in adolescence with direct vision incision surgery, middle-aged and elderly aortic stenosis is mostly due to calcification on the basis of congenital aortic valvular diastasis. Need to implement aortic valve replacement surgery; 5, aortic valve insufficiency: aortic valve insufficiency can be caused by valve ring enlargement, leaflet tear perforation, curl or prolapse, etc., usually should be implemented valve replacement surgery. Only mild prolapse of the aortic valve is possible to do shaping surgery; 6, pulmonary valve lesions: mostly congenital malformations, rarely need to replace the valve, often need to implement the right ventricular-pulmonary artery diversion with valve pipeline. Relative contraindications to prosthetic heart valve replacement surgery: 1, rheumatic activity is not controlled or controlled for less than 3 months; 2, heart failure combined with myocardial ischemic damage, such as patients with advanced aortic stenosis, cardiac function has improved, but still strive for surgery; 3, liver, kidney function or systemic condition is too poor to withstand surgery; 4, bacterial endocarditis patients have sepsis and multiple infections are not suitable for surgery The surgery is not recommended. Selection of prosthetic heart valves: The type of prosthetic valve used in valve replacement surgery should be analyzed on a case-by-case basis. The patient’s age, occupation, physical strength, mental status, the patient’s opinion on valve selection, the patient’s myocardial condition, and the patient’s ability to receive long-term anticoagulation therapy should be considered. Biologic valves have good hemodynamics, low thromboembolic rates, and may not require long-term anticoagulation in some patients; however, the greatest disadvantage of biologic valves is their poor durability. Therefore, biologic valves are mainly used in patients: 1. women of childbearing age who wish to become pregnant; 2. in terms of age, biologic valves should be preferred in patients over 60 years of age, and mechanical valves are preferred in patients under 50 years of age, so as to ensure their durability and avoid calcification of biologic valves in adolescents; 3. patients with bleeding qualities and bleeding disorders and other reasons that preclude long-term anticoagulation; 4. according to the patient’s The tricuspid valve is the site with the highest rate of thromboembolism among all valve replacement emboli, which may be related to the low pressure and slow blood flow at this site. Clinical observations in the tricuspid valve site thromboembolism rate is highest with disc valve, second highest with ball valve, and lowest with biologic valve, so the tricuspid valve site is ideal for valve replacement with biologic valve. The durability of mechanical valves is good, and for the time being, mechanical valves made of whatever material are implanted in the heart require lifelong anticoagulation therapy for the patient. With the advances in cardiac surgery and extracorporeal circulation technology as a whole, the safety of valve surgery has increased significantly. The mortality rate for valve replacement surgery is currently around 5% and is not significantly related to the type of prosthetic valve. The major risk factors for valve replacement surgery are: the patient’s physical status prior to surgery, primarily cardiac compensatory function and pulmonary vascular disease; and additional cardiac surgery, such as coronary artery bypass grafting, which is more risky with valve replacement. Currently, it is not very difficult to reoperate even if the patient is older or.