Esophageal squamous cell hyperplasia is generally not serious if it is treated actively; on the contrary, if it is not treated actively, it may lead to further deterioration of the condition and evolve into esophageal cancer, which is more serious. If we analyze the pathological results alone, esophageal squamous cell hyperplasia belongs to precancerous lesions, that is, it is not cancerous for the time being, but has the possibility of developing into cancer. After the diagnosis, patients need to actively cooperate with doctors for treatment, which can lead to a complete cure; on the contrary, if no attention is paid to it and no treatment is given, it may evolve into esophageal cancer in the later stage. Therefore, whether esophageal squamous cell hyperplasia is serious or not needs to be analyzed according to whether there is active treatment or not. Early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment can prevent the possibility of cancer.