The treatment method of esophageal cancer is currently multidisciplinary and comprehensive, i.e. including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Suitable treatment methods should be selected according to the early and late stages of esophageal cancer and general conditions of patients. Surgery is the first choice for esophageal cancer treatment: for a small number of early esophageal cancer and precancerous lesions, endoscopic argon ion coagulation beam can be used for resection or endoscopic mucosal resection; for those patients with early to mid-stage middle and lower esophageal cancer, who do not invade important organs and have good general condition, recurrence after radiotherapy and no distant metastasis, surgery should be preferred to remove the lesions. For patients with advanced esophageal cancer who have lost the chance of surgery, palliative surgery is feasible to improve the quality of survival. Patients with late preoperative local staging of esophageal cancer can choose radiotherapy, and radiation therapy is also feasible for cervical and upper thoracic esophageal cancer. According to the specific condition and general situation of esophageal cancer patients, chemotherapy combined with surgery or chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy can also be used as a comprehensive treatment. In conclusion, the treatment of esophageal cancer is based on multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment. Once esophageal cancer is diagnosed, it should be treated actively and comprehensively in order to prolong the patient’s survival and improve the quality of life.