Renal cysts are a group of disorders in which single or multiple benign cysts containing fluid or semi-solid fragments are present in the kidneys. Cysts may occur in one or both kidneys, as single or multiple, in both the dermal and medullary regions; they are mostly hereditary or acquired; they may occur in infancy or in the elderly. Simple renal cysts are the most common and least practically significant type of renal cystic disease in clinical practice, and are usually not accompanied by renal hypoplasia. For simple renal cysts, asymptomatic and without complications, generally do not need treatment, can be reviewed once every six months to a year. Symptomatic treatment includes controlling blood pressure, preventing cyst infection, rupture and bleeding. For larger cysts with a diameter of >4cm, puncture aspiration and injection of a sclerosing agent such as anhydrous ethanol can be considered to prevent recurrence. Cystectomy or even nephrectomy should be considered for patients with huge cysts >500ml in volume, malignant tendency or recurrence after puncture. If renal cysts are found, it is recommended that patients should consult regular hospitals to clarify the cause of the disease under the guidance of doctors and carry out targeted treatment or therapy.