Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is a neonatal pulmonary hyaline membrane that can cause respiratory distress or respiratory failure shortly after birth, which can be life-threatening. Most newborns cry loudly after birth. Children with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome have difficulty breathing after birth and moan in a low voice, and in severe cases, respiratory failure can occur. Especially if the baby is born prematurely, it is easy to die, and it is proven that the lighter the weight is, the more likely it is to die. The mother-to-be is a high-risk pregnancy or an advanced pregnancy, which can lead to the emergence of this disease, and preterm birth must pay attention to the child’s heart and lung testing and fetal size estimation, to avoid immature birth. If necessary, medication can be used in advance to promote the maturation of the heart and lungs to reduce the occurrence of this disease. This type of disease can be effectively prevented and controlled prenatally with the use of hormones. For those who are lucky enough to survive, surface active substance replacement therapy or mechanical ventilation can be used to save the child. This type of treatment can take a long time, so parents must be prepared.