What is glaucoma? Glaucoma is a condition in which the optic disc is sunken, the optic nerve is atrophied, and the visual field is impaired due to pathologically elevated intraocular pressure. The normal IOP range is 10-21 mm Hg. It is important to note that some patients with IOP within the normal range but still show glaucomatous damage to the optic nerve and visual field are called normal IOP glaucoma. The damage to the optic nerve caused by glaucoma is irreversible, meaning that the damage cannot be restored. What are the clinical manifestations of glaucoma? 1) In the acute stage, the main symptoms of glaucoma are severe eye pain, ipsilateral headache, rainbow vision, visual images, and in severe cases, only the index in front of the eyes or light sensation, often combined with nausea, vomiting, fever, chills and constipation, etc. A few patients may have diarrhea. On examination, doctors may find high intraocular pressure, dilated pupils, ocular congestion, corneal edema, cloudy atrial fluid, crystal changes, shallow anterior chamber, atrial angle occlusion, iris atrophy, etc. 2), chronic closed angle glaucoma patient’s main symptoms are more or less eye discomfort, episodes of visual hooding, iris vision, such episodes are common in winter, mostly in the evening or late afternoon, after sufficient sleep and rest IOP is normal, symptoms disappear, a few people do not have any discomfort, occasionally cover the healthy eye to find the affected eye vision loss or even blindness. There are positive findings during doctor’s examination. 3) Open-angle glaucoma is mainly characterized by wide and open anterior chamber angle under high intraocular pressure, and the main symptoms are dizziness, headache, eye swelling or visual blindness. The intraocular pressure is unstable at the beginning and gradually increases later. There are changes in fundus and visual field. 4) Congenital glaucoma is a disease caused by abnormal development of the anterior chamber angle during the embryonic period, which hinders the drainage of atrial fluid. It manifests as photophobia, lacrimation and eyelid spasm, high intraocular pressure, and positive findings on examination by a doctor. 5), Secondary glaucoma is a comorbidity of some ocular diseases and some systemic diseases in the eye, which raises the intraocular pressure by affecting the atrial fluid circulation. Glaucoma can occur secondary to adhesive corneal leukoplakia, iridocyclitis, traumatic intraocular hemorrhage, atrial angle contusion, cataract expansion phase, and iris neovascularization. Who are the people at risk for glaucoma? 1), patients with a family history of glaucoma, especially those with first-degree consanguinity, should be more alert; 2), middle-aged and elderly people aged 40 years or older, the chance of developing glaucoma increases with age; 3), patients with hyperopia, due to narrowing of the anterior chamber angle, are prone to closed-angle glaucoma; 4), highly myopic eyes, diabetes and certain diseases that mainly cause microcirculatory disorders are high-risk factors for open-angle glaucoma. If I have glaucoma, what do I need to pay attention to? 1) Glaucoma patients should pay attention to avoid eye strain. After reading, watching TV or using computer for half an hour to one hour, get up and look away for 10 minutes to relieve eye strain and prevent eye pressure from rising. 2) The amount of fluid consumption should be appropriately limited, avoid coffee and strong tea, because coffee and strong tea can easily cause the rise of intraocular pressure. 3) Avoid smoking and alcohol, eat more vegetables and fruits, eat less chili, garlic and other stimulating foods, and keep bowel movements smooth. 4) Glaucoma patients must have sufficient sleep every day after surgery, and light exercise can be performed appropriately. 5), after surgery, regular review, generally three months or six months to carry out a detailed eye examination, on time medication, to prevent recurrence.