1.Surgical treatment Surgical resection is feasible for those who have not invaded the surrounding organs, have no distant metastasis, have invaded nearby lymph nodes but are still in good general condition, or those who have not recovered from radiation therapy or have recurrence. Surgery is contraindicated in patients with malignant disease, distant metastases or severe cardiopulmonary disease. We believe that as long as the patient insists on surgery, is in good health, and has no obvious distant metastases, exploratory surgery should be performed to determine whether radical or palliative surgery should be performed. The likelihood of surgical resection is low in the following cases: ① the lesion is in the upper esophagus; ② the length of the cancer is >7 cm; ③ the alignment of the esophageal camp is not consistent with normal and appears distorted, which means the tumor is huge or has invaded; ④ the ulcer is too deep and may invade the trachea or raw artery; ⑤ large soft tissue shadow on X-ray or CT; ⑥ the clinicopathology is medullary, constricted and ulcerated; However, the resection rate is high for the intraluminal type and grass umbrella type. If the cancer is found to be huge or metastatic and not curable, but the patient has difficulty in swallowing, it can be treated by reduction therapy including esophagogastric diversion anastomosis, esophageal lumen intubation or gastric and jejunostomy, etc. 2.Radiotherapy Esophageal cancer is mostly squamous cell carcinoma with medium differentiation, which has certain sensitivity to radiation, better blood flow in early lesions, less normal tissues involved in irradiation, and better efficacy. Its indications are wider than those of surgery. Early and mid-stage lesions with high site and patients unwilling to operate can be treated with radical radiotherapy. Late stage, including supraclavicular lymph node metastasis, can also be used for palliative radiotherapy, but the lesion has been perforated, extensive metastasis is prohibited. Usually the amount of tumor irradiation is 6,000-7,000 cGy/6-7 weeks, 30-35 times a week, 5 times a week, 200 cGy each time, after 2-3 weeks of radiotherapy, esophageal mucosal edema may occur, dysphagia may increase, or cough and other tracheal reactions may occur. If the over-irradiation is complicated by radioactive spinal cord involvement resulting in paraplegia, it usually occurs six months or even years after the over-irradiation and is difficult to be saved by any medication. However, treatment can be continued if the complication of radiation esophagitis is not severe. If the esophageal pain is very severe when eating, radiotherapy must be stopped and maintained by infusion when unable to eat. Chemotherapy There are not many effective anti-cancer drugs for esophageal cancer. The reason is that esophageal cancer is a slow tumor and its cell proliferation cycle is about 1 week, while the normal esophageal epithelial cell cycle is 16 days, and the multiplication time of cancer cells is much longer than 16 days, which means that there are less proliferating cells and more non-proliferating cells in esophageal cancer and the growth ratio is small. It may be an important reason for the low sensitivity of esophageal cancer to other treatments. Combination chemotherapy is commonly used clinically, and the commonly used drugs are cis-chloroplatinum, vincristine amide and vincristine (DVB) regimen, with the efficiency between 10% and 86%, and generally only remission for several months. If the route of drug administration is changed, such as local instillation in the lumen of esophagus, lingering oral administration, or local injection for esophageal cancer, the efficacy may be increased. 4.Bioimmunotherapy Bioimmunotherapy is suitable for early, middle and late stages of esophageal cancer, and is mostly used to prevent recurrence and metastasis after surgery, reduce toxic side effects after radiotherapy, reduce pain, increase diet and improve quality of life for patients in late stages. Biological immunotherapy is one of the latest treatment methods for esophageal cancer. It is mainly done by extracting the patient’s own peripheral blood and then cultured in the laboratory to obtain cells with tumor-killing function. These cells are transfused back into the patient’s body, which can significantly kill cancer cells, promote the recovery of the patient’s organism, activate the immune function of the body, improve the patient’s living condition, reduce pain, increase sleep, diet, etc.