Ablation of atrial fibrillation with the goal of eradicating atrial fibrillation: (1) Circumpulmonary vein linear isolation of the pulmonary veins or pulmonary vein vestibule is the cornerstone of most atrial fibrillation ablation procedures, and the goal should be to isolate all of the pulmonary veins if ablation of the pulmonary veins is proposed; for circumpulmonary vein linear isolation, it is recommended that the ablation be biased toward the vestibular area and away from the pulmonary veins to form an isolation ring around a single circumpulmonary vein or one side of the pulmonary vein, which can help to minimize the stenosis of the pulmonary veins. stenosis, while ablating the substrate that sustains atrial fibrillation; (2) circumflex pulmonary vein ablations that end in purely anatomic ablation and do not require electrical isolation of the encircling area are preferred by the guidelines because the presence of an ablation gap can predispose to the development of regular arrhythmias; (3) in persistent or long-lasting atrial fibrillation more substrate modification is generally required, with the additional use of linear ablations to connect anatomic or functional barriers to reduce refractoriness, and with the addition of linear ablations to connect anatomic or functional barriers to reduce refractoriness; and (4) in the absence of a single circumflex pulmonary vein, the ablation of a single pulmonary vein is preferred. functional barriers to reduce refractoriness, a large number of different linear ablation designs exist, and it is not clear which additional line is effective in a given patient; (4) right atrial flutter ablation is recommended to ablate the tricuspid annulus-inferior vena cava isthmus to achieve bi-directional block I(B) whenever there is clinical evidence of atrial flutter or an episode of atrial flutter during the ablation procedure; and (5) a single-center report of ablation of fragmentation potentials (CFAEs) without isolation of the pulmonary veins has not been published in a prospective randomized study. prospective randomized studies have not shown additional benefit, and the value of fragmentation potential ablation as an adjunct to pulmonary vein isolation strategies and ganglion ablation as a complement to pulmonary vein isolation is generally undetermined at this time. 2, atrioventricular node ablation with the goal of controlling the ventricular rate of atrial fibrillation (1) For those with symptoms or cardiomyopathy associated with a rapid ventricular rate that cannot be adequately controlled by antiarrhythmic drugs or negative chronotropic therapy, it is recommended that atrioventricular node ablation be accompanied by implantation of a pacemaker; due to the possibility of unanticipated complete atrioventricular block or the tendency for an increase in heart rate during the follow-up period, it is not recommended that the atrioventricular insertion end of the atrioventricular node be ablated instead of implanting a pacemaker ; (2) For those with normal or reversible left ventricular function, standard atrioventricular node ablation with simultaneous pacemaker implantation; (3) For those with impaired left ventricular function not due to tachycardia, biventricular pacing should be considered, and for those who have already undergone atrioventricular node ablation and right ventricular pacing, upgrading to biventricular pacing should be considered. 3. Explicit bypass ablation with the goal of controlling the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation In patients with atrial fibrillation combined with preexcitation, the 2006 ACC/AHA/ESC atrial fibrillation guideline recommends ablation of bypass I(B) for patients with symptomatic preexcitation, especially for those with a fast ventricular rate or with a short bypass inactivity. 2010 ESC atrial fibrillation guideline recommends catheter ablation of an explicit bypass for those with risk of sudden death as a recommendation of category I(A). Catheter ablation of asymptomatic dominant bypass I(B) is recommended for preexcited patients in high-risk occupations (e.g., pilots, public transportation drivers) in those who develop AF or are at high risk of developing AF.