Hammertoe is generally a deformity in which the proximal interphalangeal joint of the toe is flexed and contracted, the metatarsophalangeal joint remains hyperextended, and is sometimes associated with dislocation, neutral distal interphalangeal joint, or dorsiflexion, and the etiology includes mechanical and inflammatory factors. Pathologically, the angle of the metatarsophalangeal joint is the single most important factor among the many factors of hammertoe deformity that reflects the change in peak plantar forefoot pressure during dynamic gait. The early symptoms of hammertoe deformity are primarily swelling, pain, and joint instability in the metatarsophalangeal joint, and there are two types of surgical procedures: soft tissue and bone and joint. Soft tissue procedures include transfer of the long toe flexor tendon to the extensor tendon, while bone and joint procedures include proximal phalangeal joint resection, resection of the base of the proximal phalanx, resection of the distal 1/3 or 1/4 of the proximal phalanx, complete proximal phalanx resection, and proximal interphalangeal joint fusion. For mild to moderate deformities, soft tissue surgery alone is sufficient, whereas for severe deformities, bone and joint surgery is required. Each procedure has its own complications.