Blood product transfusion is an important treatment for some blood diseases, like chronic aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome, etc. Through transfusion of red blood cells and platelets, anemia can be corrected and bleeding of important organs caused by platelet reduction can be prevented to improve or enhance the patient’s survival quality and prolong survival, but long-term repeated multiple blood product transfusions can cause patients to produce homologous antibodies leading to ineffective transfusion, ineffective transfusion. This includes ineffective red blood cell transfusions and ineffective platelet transfusions. The higher the number of transfusions and the greater the total amount of previous transfusions, the higher the incidence of ineffective transfusions; the incidence of ineffective transfusions can sometimes be more than 30% for those who have had more than 10 transfusions. Non-immune factors include: splenomegaly, fever, infection, bleeding, bone marrow transplantation, drug-related antibodies or toxins, platelet quality, etc. Immune factors include: ABO blood group incompatibility, human leukocyte-associated antigen (HLA), platelet-specific antigen (HPA) alloimmunity and auto antibodies, etc. The corresponding prevention and control measures include: leukocyte removal, gamma irradiation, intravenous immunoglobulin, platelet cross-matching, plasma exchange, and immunosuppressive drugs.