Epilepsy is a common disease that has become one of the most common conditions affecting the health of the human central nervous system, along with stroke, and has attracted great attention from the World Health Organization. At present, there are 50 million people with epilepsy worldwide, including nearly 10 million in China, and at least half of the patients develop the disease during childhood or adolescence, which seriously affects the normal study, work, and life of patients and becomes a heavy burden for society and families. About 70% of seizures can be completely controlled with drugs, but epilepsy is a chronic disease that requires years of regular medication; despite the use of a variety of new anti-epileptic drugs, about 30% of patients still cannot satisfactorily control their seizures, so surgical treatment is required. Surgical treatment of epilepsy, a major advance in modern medicine, is an effective treatment for patients with drug-refractory epilepsy and can make the seizures disappear completely in more than half of the patients. However, a significant number of patients, their families, and even doctors, have doubts and fears about surgery, preferring to go through years of repeatedly replacing or adding drugs to treatment attempts, or attempting to find miracle doctors, secret recipes, etc., to achieve their goals, which often results in the opposite of what they want, causing financial harm and delaying their condition. Surgical treatment of epilepsy has strict indications for surgery. A rigorous evaluation is required prior to surgery, and for patients who are suitable for surgery, an individualized surgical plan is developed based on the patient’s specific situation. Surgery can be broadly divided into two categories: excisional surgery (radical surgery) and palliative surgery (surgery to alleviate symptoms). Excisional surgery can be performed when the lesion causing the seizure is very limited, can be clearly localized and is not in a functional area; palliative surgery can be performed when the lesion is multiple or cannot be identified, and this surgery mainly includes corpus callosotomy and vagus nerve stimulation. Patients with first seizures should be seen in the neurosurgery department of a regular medical unit, undergo a variety of necessary tests including MRI and EEG, and be given medication for patients without detectable intracranial lesions (brain tumors and vascular disease, cortical dysplasia, etc.); the latest findings show that for patients with better surgical results such as medial temporal lobe epilepsy, if two single drugs cannot effectively control the seizures Surgery should be performed as early as possible to avoid damage to brain function from long-term recurrent seizures, because clinical studies have shown that the complete control rate is less than 3% when the third drug is replaced, while the complete control rate after surgery for medial temporal lobe epilepsy is more than 70%. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a new effective surgical tool for the treatment of refractory epilepsy. It has the advantages of no craniotomy, no damage to cerebral nerve tissue, minimally invasive, reversible, and high safety, and has been widely welcomed since its application in clinical practice. It can be used not only for patients with ineffective medication, but also for those with ineffective surgery or recurrence. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as an adjunctive therapy for refractory epilepsy. It is based on the principle of implanting a stimulator in the superficial layer of the pectoralis major muscle under the left clavicle, with the stimulator electrodes fixed to the cervical vagus nerve. Results of clinical studies have shown that vagus nerve stimulation can result in complete control in about 10% of patients with refractory epilepsy, and with longer implantation time, the number of seizures can be reduced by more than 50% in about 70% of patients by continuously adjusting the stimulation parameters. It is worth mentioning that this therapy is also useful for improving the quality of life of patients, which can lead to different degrees of progress in alertness, language skills, thinking ability, and independence. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is now increasingly used in children as well as adults with refractory epilepsy, both nationally and internationally, with particularly marked improvements in memory and affect in children. As research has progressed, VNS has been widely used in patients of all ages with refractory epilepsy who are unable to undergo resective surgery. More than 130,000 cases of vagus nerve implantation for refractory epilepsy have been performed worldwide, and more than 800 patients have been treated with vagus nerve stimulation in China. Currently, this technique is carried out in many neurosurgical centers across China, including Shanghai Huashan Hospital and Beijing Tiantan Hospital, bringing a boon to patients with refractory epilepsy. In conclusion, epilepsy is a common neurological seizure disorder that should be treated properly after the disease. It is advisable for patients and guardians to keep detailed records of the seizure process and then provide them to the doctor, which will be very helpful in determining the diagnosis and adjusting treatment. You should visit a specialist in a regular medical unit after the disease to avoid delays. Medication should be taken strictly in accordance with medical advice and should not be increased, decreased or discontinued at will. In addition to medication, surgical treatments including vagus nerve stimulation can be used as appropriate and most of them can be effective.