Vaccination against hepatitis B is the most effective way to prevent HBV infection. The targets of hepatitis B vaccination are mainly newborns, followed by infants and children, unimmunized people under 15 years old and high-risk groups (such as medical personnel, people who are frequently exposed to blood, workers in childcare institutions, organ transplant patients, people who frequently receive blood transfusions or blood products, people with low immune function, people prone to trauma, family members of HBsAg-positive people, men who have sex with men or multiple sexual partners and people who inject drugs intravenously). The hepatitis B vaccine is required to be administered for 3 weeks.) Three doses of hepatitis B vaccine are required for the whole course, according to the 0, 1 and 6 months procedure, i.e., after the first vaccination, the second and third doses are given at intervals of 1 month and 6 months. Hepatitis B vaccination for newborns should be given within 24 hours of birth, the earlier the better. The site of vaccination is intramuscular in the lateral anterior gluteal muscle for newborns and intramuscular in the middle deltoid muscle of the upper arm for children and adults. The blockage rate of mother-to-child transmission with hepatitis B vaccine alone was 87.8%. Newborns of HBsAg-positive mothers should be given hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) at a dose of ≥100 IU as early as possible within 24 h after birth (preferably 12 h after birth), along with 10 μg recombinant yeast or 20 μg Chinese hamster oocyte (CHO) hepatitis B vaccine at different sites, and the second and third doses at 1 and 6 months of age, respectively. Hepatitis B vaccine significantly improves the effectiveness of interruption of mother-to-child transmission. Alternatively, one dose of HBIG can be given within 12 h of birth, followed by a second dose of HBIG 1 month later, and a 10 μg recombinant yeast or 20 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine at different sites at the same time, with a second and third dose of hepatitis B vaccine given at 1 and 6 months intervals, respectively. Newborns can receive breastfeeding from HBsAg-positive mothers after HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine are administered within 12 h of birth. Neonates born to pregnant women with high viral load have an increased risk of HBV infection. It has been reported that the risk of mother-to-child transmission can be reduced by administering lamivudine antiviral therapy to pregnant women with HBV DNA greater than 109 copies/ml from 32 weeks of gestation until 1 month of life. However, a definitive recommendation cannot yet be given until more adequate evidence is available. Newborns of HBsAg-negative mothers can be immunized with 5 μg yeast or 10 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine; children who were not vaccinated against hepatitis B during the neonatal period should be given a catch-up dose of 5 μg recombinant yeast or 10 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine; 20 μg yeast or 20 μg CHO hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for adults. For immunocompromised or non-responders, the dose (e.g., 60 μg) and number of doses should be increased; those who do not respond to the 3-dose immunization program can receive 3 additional doses, and serum anti-HBs should be tested 1 to 2 months after the second 3-dose hepatitis B vaccine. The protective effect of hepatitis B vaccination for those with antibody response generally lasts for at least 12 years; therefore, the general population does not require anti-HBs monitoring or booster immunization. HBs monitoring or booster immunization is not required for the general population. However, anti-HBs monitoring can be performed in high-risk groups, and booster immunization can be given if anti-HBs is < 10 mIU/ml.