First, hematuria Normal urine contains a very small number of red blood cells. Uncentrifuged urine can have 0 to 2 red blood cells in each high power field of view under the microscope, and if it exceeds this number, it is hematuria. Hematuria is the most common and important symptom of urinary and male reproductive disorders. The main cause of hematuria is urologic and male reproductive disorders. In addition, hematuria can also be caused by diseases other than urological diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, blood diseases, allergic diseases, etc. Hematuria can occur. For urology, the clinical significance of hematuria is more important and should be highly valued. Diagnosis should pay attention to differentiate from pigmenturia, hemoglobinuria, and menstrual blood or hemorrhoidal hemorrhage mixed with urine. For the diagnosis of patients with hematuria, it is to solve the two problems of localization and characterization, that is, where the blood comes from and the cause of bleeding. (A) the localization of hematuria analysis 1, primary hematuria: hematuria is only seen at the beginning of urination, the lesion is mostly in the urethra. (2) Terminal hematuria: hematuria occurs at the end of urination, and most of the lesions are in the bladder triangle, bladder neck or posterior urethra. 3, the whole process of hematuria: hematuria appears in the whole process of urination, bleeding site in the bladder, ureter or kidney. The above three kinds of hematuria can be distinguished by the urine three-cup test. （The cause of hematuria can be analyzed from whether it is accompanied by other symptoms. Asymptomatic hematuria should be first considered as the possibility of urinary tract tumor. Hematuria with pain, especially with colic pain should be considered as urinary stones, if accompanied by urinary pain and interruption of urinary flow, bladder stones should be considered, if accompanied by obvious symptoms of bladder irritation, then urinary tract infection, urinary tract tuberculosis, and bladder tumors are more common. In addition, the patient’s medical history, age, color and degree of hematuria should be combined to make a comprehensive judgment on the cause of hematuria. Turbid urine refers to the cloudy and unclear urine, which is common in three cases. (A) pus urine: the urine contains pus, microscopic examination can detect a large number of pus cells. This indicates that there is an infection in the urinary tract. Pus can originate from the kidneys, bladder, prostate or urethra. (B) celiac disease: the urine contains celiac, milky white, like milk, standing for a long time can form celiac clot. It is often caused by filariasis, and can exist together with hematuria, which is called celiac hematuria. Celiac disease test can be characterized. (C) phosphate urine: the urine contains more phosphate, the urine is turbid like lime water, microscopic examination can see phosphate crystals, can be due to alkalinization of urine or the presence of bacterial infections in the urinary tract that can break down urea. Phosphate urine in the heating or acid urine can become clear, this point can be distinguished from celiac disease and pus urine. Bladder irritation refers to frequent urination, urinary urgency and urinary pain. Increased frequency of urination is called urinary frequency, urination with a sense of urgency is called urinary urgency, pain when urinating is called urinary pain. Normal people urinate 3-5 times during the day and 0-2 times at night. Daytime urination varies with water intake, climate and personal habits, but the number of nocturnal urination is more constant, so the increase in nocturnal urination is of greater clinical significance. The most common cause of bladder irritation is non-specific cystitis. In addition, urinary tuberculosis, bladder stones, tumors and foreign bodies, prostate hyperplasia, lower urinary tract obstruction, prostatitis, vesiculitis, etc. can occur bladder irritation symptoms. Difficulty in urination is mostly due to the obstruction of the urinary tract below the bladder. The performance of slow urination, urination effort, thinning of the urinary line, reduced ejaculation, interruption of urinary flow, dribbling, and so on. Can be seen in prostate hyperplasia, penile, urethral stenosis, bladder or urethra stones, tumors, bladder neck contracture, etc., neurogenic bladder can also lead to urinary difficulties. Urinary retention refers to the retention of urine in the bladder and its inability to be discharged. Any cause that can cause urinary difficulty, further development, can produce urinary retention. In addition, after spinal anesthesia can also be temporary urinary retention. Urinary incontinence is a condition in which the urine in the bladder cannot be controlled and flows out of the bladder on its own, which is called urinary incontinence. Can be divided into two categories: (a) true urinary incontinence 1, active true urinary incontinence is due to the forceful contraction of the urethral muscle, resulting in urine overcoming the sphincter control at any time and dripping out of the bladder is often in the state of emptying. The causes include severe cystitis, tuberculous cystitis, bladder spasm caused by certain neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (Multipe Sclerosis) and enuresis in infants and children. Passive incontinence refers to the destruction or paralysis of sphincter muscle or the formation of abnormal fistula, resulting in frequent dribbling of urine. Causes include uterine prolapse, bladder neck movement is too large, postpartum urethral sphincter injury, excessive urethral dilatation, prostatectomy, umbilical ureteral fistula, ureteral ectopic opening, and so on. Stress urinary incontinence in women who have given birth also belongs to this category. (B) false incontinence refers to the bladder is often in a state of filling, and cause the urine to drip out, also known as filling incontinence. The sphincter itself is not damaged, the cause is urinary obstruction, such as prostatic hyperplasia, urethral stenosis, neurological disorders or injuries such as spinal cord consumption, bladder paralysis and spinal cord injury in the early stage of spinal shock. Seven, pain is a common symptom of urinary and male reproductive disorders. It is necessary to ask about the location of the pain, its nature, its degree, whether it radiates, to what part of the body it radiates, and other accompanying symptoms. (A) renal ureteral pain Renal disorders can cause lumbar pain or epigastric pain, which may be vague dull pain or distension, such as tumors, hydronephrosis, renal stones, etc., and sometimes can also be manifested as sharp pain or colic, such as acute septic infections of the kidneys or perirenal areas, advanced renal tumors, tumor invasion of nerve roots near the renal hilum, as well as acute torsion of the kidney hilum of the free kidney, etc.. Colic is commonly associated with spasm due to obstruction of the renal pelvis and ureter. The movement of stones or blood clots down the ureter can cause severe colic, and can radiate to the lower abdomen, perineum, and inner thighs, clinically known as renal colic. There is also a kind of pain in the kidney area for reflex pain, the kidney itself does not have a disease, but by other reflections from other places, such as prostate disorders, vulvar disorders, female pelvic organ disorders and so on. In addition, one side of the kidney disease can also cause pain in the opposite side of the kidney area through the renal reflex. （Bladder pain is located in the upper part of the pubic bone, mostly hidden pain or distending pain, which can be caused by inflammation, stone, obstruction and over distension of the bladder. Severe pain can also be caused when bladder inflammation spreads to the submucosa or muscle layer, such as interstitial cystitis and severe tuberculous cystitis. In addition, advanced bladder tumors or tumors near the internal orifice of the urethra, in addition to severe pain and discomfort, often accompanied by urinary frequency, urgency and difficulty in urination, sometimes the pain can radiate to the head of the penis. (C) pain in urethra, prostate and seminal vesicles, often due to inflammation, stone, urethral stenosis, prostatitis and seminal vesiculitis, etc. The localization of pain in urethra is relatively clear, while the pain site of prostate and seminal vesicles is often not clear, and there may be radiating pain. (D) Pain in and around testis can be caused by inflammation, trauma, tumor, torsion and varicocele. Acute epididymitis, orchitis, acute testicular torsion, trauma and other pain is more acute, varicocele can have swelling pain, testicular tumor early often has no pain symptoms. Renal mass is commonly caused by various reasons such as hydronephrosis, tumor, tuberculosis, malformation such as polycystic kidney and horseshoe kidney, and low position of kidney such as renal prolapse and ectopic kidney. Renal mass may be detected during palpation examination. (ii) Bladder mass A bulging bladder may be palpated in the suprapubic region of the lower abdomen in case of urinary retention and the mass disappears after catheterization. Larger bladder tumors or large bladder stones may be palpated during bimanual examination. (C) Intra-scrotal mass and penile mass The location, size, nature and mobility of the mass should be noted. Enlargement of scrotum, thinning of skin, cystic sensation, positive transillumination test are often testicular or spermatic cord effusion, spermatic cord earthy swelling, lying down and disappeared Department of spermatic cord varicose vein. Testicular enlargement, heaviness, loss of sensation or disappearance are mostly tumors. Enlargement of epididymis, pressure and pain, thickening of spermatic cord, mostly acute epididymitis. Enlarged, hard, uneven or nodular epididymis is usually tuberculosis of epididymis. Small bulbous cystic swelling at the head of epididymis with positive transillumination test is usually epididymal cyst. Cauliflower-like swelling on the head of penis or foreskin with foul smell, most often considered as tumor; papillary swelling, multiple, often as condyloma acuminatum. Adult penile corpus cavernosum irregular hard lumps for penile corpus cavernosum sclerosis. Sexual dysfunction (a) impotence refers to sexual desire but the penis can not be erected or erection. Most of the patients do not have organic disease, is the role of the spirit or the brain to strengthen the erection inhibition caused. Some patients are caused by organic diseases such as endocrine causes, arterial obstruction, venous atresia and neurological causes. （Premature ejaculation refers to premature ejaculation, which strictly speaking means that semen is discharged before sexual intercourse. It is caused by pathological excitation of the brain or increased excitation of the spinal cord centers. （Ejaculation refers to ejaculation that occurs in the absence of sexual intercourse. Sexual dysfunction is an extremely complex physiological process, which is related to many factors such as the human body’s mental condition, psychological state, cerebral cortical function, endocrine function and sexual organs. In the past, it was believed that sexual dysfunction was mainly a functional disorder, rarely caused by organic lesions of the reproductive system. However, recent studies have shown that in addition to functional disorders, organic disorders of the reproductive organs themselves also account for a considerable proportion.