Corneal transplantation is an eye microsurgery procedure that replaces diseased opaque corneas with human transparent corneal material to improve vision or treat certain corneal disorders because the cornea itself does not contain blood vessels. The “immune immunity” status of the cornea makes it the most successful of other allogeneic transplants. Most of the corneal material is taken from fresh cadavers (donor), no more than 12 hours after death (winter or timely refrigeration), with intact corneal epithelium, transparent stroma, and unchanged thickness is preferred. Corneal transplantation can be divided into two types: penetrating and lamellar. Penetrating corneal transplantation is done with a ring drill of a certain diameter to remove the entire corneal layer with lesions, and then with a ring drill of the same caliber or slightly larger, the donor is drilled to remove the main corneal piece and sutured tightly to the recipient cornea with 10-0 nylon thread, and finally injected with Ringer’s solution to form an anterior chamber to prevent preiris adhesions. The deeper, more intact recipient cornea is still preserved, and then the same size and thickness of the anterior donor corneal slice is taken and sutured to the wounded surface of the recipient cornea. The lamellar corneal graft does not penetrate the anterior chamber and is an extraocular procedure that generally does not disturb the intraocular tissues. The viability of the graft and its ability to remain transparent without rejection depends on a number of factors. The use of donor materials with matching human leukocyte antigens (HLA) can reduce postoperative rejection, and the condition of the recipient cornea and surgical technique also largely affect the final outcome of the graft. In the late 70’s, with 10-0 nylon sutures, flat spatula needles, high precision surgical microscope, anti-immune rejection drugs, and surgical With the introduction and application of corneometer and corneal topography, optical corneal transplantation has been widely carried out in China. At the same time, a large number of correlative studies have been conducted on the efficacy of therapeutic corneal transplantation and combined surgery. With the introduction and application of new instruments and equipment, the success rate and optical results of optical corneal transplantation have improved. The choice of lamellar or penetrating corneal transplantation or anterior segment reconstruction of the eye can effectively control infection, preserve the eye, and retain residual vision. In the study, herpes simplex corneal ulcers were found to have the best outcome, followed by bacterial corneal ulcers. The ultimate treatment for corneal endothelial loss (large vesicular keratopathy) is a penetrating corneal graft to replace the lost corneal endothelium and restore normal corneal thickness and transparency. The improvement of the method of intraoperative implant and implant bed cutting, and the study of techniques such as optical center alignment, pupil formation, application of surgical keratometer and postoperative corneal topography-guided selective suture removal have improved the optical results of the surgery to some extent. The improvement of corneal cutting techniques for lamellar corneal transplantation, such as interlaminar injection of viscoelastic and/or air separation of lamellar cornea, or the use of automatic lamellar corneal cutting and shaping knife to cut the implant and implant bed when there is only superficial corneal clouding lesion, in order to reduce the roughness of the interface between corneal implant bed and implant, and the use of partial and full-thickness lamellar corneal transplantation in clinical practice, have achieved better results. The use of corneal transplantation combined with cataract extraction or anti-glaucoma surgery and combined anterior and posterior segment surgery under a temporary artificial cornea can save the affected eye in time for severe ocular trauma that cannot be effectively controlled by conventional surgery. The emergence and development of artificial cornea technology and prospects. In recent years, foreign researchers have successfully grown artificial corneas from human cells, which are identical in shape and function to real human corneas and could be used as a substitute for human corneas and could one day be used for corneal transplantation. The artificial cornea is a special refractive device made of heterogeneous molding material to replace cloudy tissue, such as corneal scar, and is surgically implanted into the affected eye for the purpose of vision enhancement, treatment or observation of intraocular conditions. Many scientists have designed numerous artificial corneas with varying degrees of success. However, the compatibility between the heterogeneous material and the biological tissue has been a key factor in the success or failure of artificial cornea surgery. It has received increasing attention because it is the only hope for restoring sight to patients who are not suitable for corneal transplantation or who have failed postoperatively to achieve corneal blindness. Currently, the most promising is the hybrid artificial cornea. The future trend is to use autologous corneal cells to obtain cultured autologous corneal slices for corneal transplantation by tissue culture, which can solve both the problem of donor source and the problem of rejection reaction. Therefore, the success of hybrid artificial cornea will lay a good foundation for corneal tissue engineering technology.