Avoid milk and milk products in the diet and avoid milk exposure. To meet the nutritional needs of children with CMPA, the choice of alternative formulas depends mainly on the feeding style, age and allergy to other foods of the child. Alternative formula choices: ① Amino acid formula: consists of 100% free amino acids, effective in more than 95% of children with CMPA, non-immunogenic, and recommended as a first-line diagnostic and therapeutic formula. ②Deeply hydrolyzed formula: peptide with whey protein or casein as nitrogen source, molecular weight <3000 Da, effective in more than 90% of children with CMPA, no immunogenicity, recommended as a therapeutic formula. ③Partially hydrolyzed formula: short peptides with molecular weight 3000-10000 Da, which reduces the number of antigenic epitopes while maintaining the immunogenicity of milk protein and stimulating the body to develop immune tolerance. It is only effective in 50-66% of children with CMPA; therefore, the partially hydrolyzed formula is only recommended as a preventive formula to induce immune tolerance and is not used for treatment. ④Other: Rice based deeply hydrolyzed formulas have been reported to be safe and effective for the treatment of CMPA. For vegetarian families or for infants who cannot tolerate amino acid formulas or milk protein based deeply hydrolyzed formulas, rice protein deeply hydrolyzed formulas are available. Infant soy formula, due to the effects of phytates and soy isoflavones, is a second-line candidate for infants <6 months. Milk from other mammals (e.g., sheep milk, goat milk, camel milk), which differ significantly in composition from human milk and are mostly nutritionally deficient or cross-allergenic (e.g., goat milk), is not recommended for CMPA. Exclusive breastfeeding: exclusive breastfeeding for at least 6 months if possible. The mother's diet avoids cow's milk and all dairy products for 2-4 weeks, along with calcium and vitamin D supplementation to avoid nutritional deficiencies. Switch to amino acid formula feeding is recommended when: the child's symptoms persist and are severe after the mother's diet is avoided; the child has growth retardation; the mother's diet is avoided resulting in severe weight loss affecting the mother's health; the mother is unable to avoid the diet or has psychological problems. Artificial feeding: choose amino acid formula powder for 2-4 weeks. If symptoms do not resolve, rule out milk protein allergy. If symptoms resolve or disappear, perform milk protein provocation test and rule out milk protein allergy in negative children; long-term dietary management in positive children. Mixed feeding (breast milk + milk formula): continue breastfeeding, mother avoids milk and all dairy products; infant formula preferred to amino acid formula for 2-4 weeks. If symptoms do not resolve, rule out milk protein allergy. If symptoms resolve or disappear, perform milk protein provocation test and exclude milk protein allergy in negative children; long-term dietary management in positive children. Duration of dietary avoidance: infants with confirmed CMPA should avoid milk proteins and use therapeutic formulas for at least 3-6 months, or until 9-12 months of age. In children with severe tachyphylaxis or severe CMPA, the duration of dietary avoidance is 12 months. Complementary food addition: Studies have found that the introduction of solid foods before 4 months of age may lead to the development of allergic disease, while the introduction of solid foods after this time may promote the development of immune tolerance. Guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics, the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the European Association of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Nutrition recommend the addition of complementary foods from 4-6 months. Start by choosing hypoallergenic foods such as vegetables and fruits, which can be done at home. Introduce one at a time for 1 week, starting with small amounts and gradually increasing the amount consumed. Choose a morning time for the first introduction of a new food so that the reaction after eating can be monitored. When introducing protein-based foods, cook them to reduce allergenicity. Introduce high-risk allergenic foods under medical supervision: fish, wheat, nuts, cream, eggs.