Non-small cell lung cancer is treated with a combination of mainly surgery, while small cell lung cancer is treated with a combination of mainly chemotherapy and radiotherapy. 1. Indications for surgical treatment: (1) Stage I, II and some stage IIIa (T3N1-2M0; T1-2N2M0; T4N0-1M0 completely resectable) non-small cell lung cancer and some small cell lung cancer (T1-2N0 to 1M0). (2) Stage N2 non-small cell lung cancer that is effective after neoadjuvant therapy (chemotherapy or chemotherapy plus radiotherapy). (3) Some stage IIIb non-small cell lung cancer (T4N0-1M0) if the tumor can be completely resected locally, including invasion of superior vena cava, other adjacent large vessels, atrium, and augmentation. (4) Some stage IV non-small cell lung cancer with single contralateral lung metastasis, single brain or adrenal metastasis. (5) Intrapulmonary nodules with high clinical suspicion of lung cancer, which cannot be diagnosed qualitatively by various examinations, may be considered for surgical exploration. Radiation therapy (1) Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Radiation therapy for lung cancer includes the following aspects: radical radiation therapy for early-stage (stage I/II) NSCLC; postoperative radiation therapy for NSCLC; radiation therapy for locally advanced NSCLC; combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy, etc. Surgical procedures remain the treatment of choice for early-stage NSCLC. However, for those who cannot tolerate surgery due to poor cardiopulmonary function, combination of other medical diseases or patient’s frailty; or patients refuse surgery. Chemotherapy (1) Treatment principles: l. Small cell lung cancer should be treated with chemotherapy regardless of the limited or extensive stage, with the aim of controlling tumor dissemination. Except for patients with advanced stage, generally no single treatment should be given, but comprehensive treatment should be adopted. 2. Surgery should be preferred for non-small cell lung cancer, and other treatments should be added after surgery according to the situation. In stage IA, surgery is the main treatment; in stage IB and II patients, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy is feasible after surgery; in stage IIIA, non-surgical treatment is preferable before surgery, and other treatments should be administered after surgery according to the situation, and stage IIIB with good general condition should be treated with synchronized chemoradiotherapy; in stage IIIB and stage IV with pleural fluid, systemic treatment is the main comprehensive treatment. Targeted therapy refers to “treatments that target cellular signaling and other biological pathways involved in the development of tumor”. NSCLC targeted therapies currently include monoclonal antibodies, small molecules that inhibit enzyme/protein activity, antisense RNAs that inhibit protein translation and drugs that act specifically with intracellular molecules and anti-angiogenic drugs. Second and third line therapy: gefitinib and erlotinib are selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Most studies have shown high efficiency in Eastern populations, non-smokers, women, bronchoalveolar carcinoma or adenocarcinoma with bronchoalveolar differentiation. 5. Combination therapy: Since most patients are locally advanced or have distant metastases at the time of diagnosis, the 5-year survival rate (1996-2000) is 15%, with 56% in stage I, 32% in stage II, 9% in stage III, and 2% in stage IV. For patients with limited stage, half of them will die from the tumor within 5 years despite radical surgery. Patients with stage I NSCLC have a 5-year survival rate of 60%-80% after surgery, while stage II patients have a survival rate of 25%-50%. For most early stage NSCLC and SCLC cases, comprehensive treatment can improve the cure rate and quality of life, and a significant proportion of patients with intermediate to advanced stage can be cured with comprehensive treatment, and can prolong survival and improve quality of life. The 5-year survival rate of non-small cell lung cancer that cannot be surgically resected at the time of initial diagnosis can be improved with radiotherapy followed by surgery. The prognosis is determined by the stage of small cell lung cancer, with a median survival of 18-24 months with chemotherapy and chest radiotherapy in the limited stage, compared to 10-12 months with palliative chemotherapy in patients with extensive stage. Approximately 5-10% of patients with small cell lung cancer present with central nervous system invasion, and half of them develop brain metastases within 2 years. Palliative radiotherapy for this group of patients is effective in only half, with a median survival of less than 3 months. Thus, the emphasis on palliative and supportive care is also an aspect that is currently receiving attention.